Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 2014, №1 (25) Январь


Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 1(25)

THE INCREASE THE FERTILITY OF AGRICULTURAL LAND AND MONITORING OF THIS LAND ARE THE NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR ENSURING FOOD SECURITY

Stanislav Lipski, Doctor of Economic Sciences
State University of Land Use Planning, Moscow, Russia E-mail: lipski-sa@yandex.ru

ABSTRACT
The availability of suitable land for agricultural activities and the quality of this land are the main factors determining the maximum number of the population of the planet. In the Russian Federation is 8.9 % of the world's arable land. But the natural-climatic conditions of Russia are rather complicated from the point of view of agricultural production. Therefore, the special significance is having the land reclamation and the measures of enhance soil fertility. Meanwhile, the share of reclaimed land in Russia is much lower than by our competitors in the global food market. From 2014 the state is starting the realization of the Federal target program of land reclamation agricultural purposes. The information systems about the land in the period of the agrarian and land transformation and development of a market turnover of land (including agricultural) were attending more of legal aspects and of technical side (technology, electronic information exchange) rather than on the characteristics of the land as the main means of production. Currently agricultural producers are demanding the land information. But the modern systems, containing information on agricultural lands, are not enough characterizing this land as a productive resource. It is negatively affects the development of agriculture. Now the Ministry of agriculture of Russia develops the proposals on establishment of a special system of monitoring agricultural lands. However, this system is created very slowly.

KEYWORDS
Agricultural land; Land melioration; Food security; Monitoring of land; Cadaster; Federal target program.

     The land resources are main means of agricultural production. Moreover, rapid population growth (globally) has resulted to that the availability of suitable land for agricultural activities and the quality of this land are the main factors determining the maximum number of population on the planet (Piterskij, 1999).
     The global stocks of agricultural land are today approximately 5 billion hectares, of which the most valuable lands arable lands - 1.4 billion hectares. The arable land in the Russian Federation is 8.9% of the world's stocks. Therefore land resources which suited for agricultural production are an important factor in the competitiveness of our country.
     However, the climatic conditions in Russia are rather complicated from the point of view of agricultural production. So, the wind and water erosion, salinization, desertification and other types of land degradation are worsening the condition of large areas agricultural lands. The 80% of arable land is characteristic the deficit of precipitation. The 10% of arable lands are as excessive over-moistening. Over the past 20-25 years the depletion of the soil, especially the arable land, happened; now more than 56 million hectares of arable lands are characterized by the low humus content (Lipski, 2013).




                METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS




     The author collected and analysed the materials on this topic during all period of land reform in modern Russia (he began this in late 80-s). The main methodological way is adopted system approach, which is providing the maximum possible the account of all aspects of the problem. Also author used statistics, abstract-logical and historical methods. The materials for this research were normative legal acts, official and other reports and works of other scientists of the Soviet and modern periods. To a certain extent, the findings


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and results are based on the experience of the author (more than 20 years he was directly involved in preparing the relevant decisions and their correction).

MEASURES TO INCREASE OF THE SOIL FERTILITY

      In 2010, the President of the Russian Federation approved the Doctrine of food security. It has determined that the weight of domestic agricultural products and foodstuffs in the total volume of commodity resources of the internal market must be not less than 95% for grains, 85% for meat, 90% for milk, 80% for sugar, 80% for vegetable oils and 95% for potato.
      This cannot be achieved without the optimization of land use. Therefore, the state economic policy in the sphere of food security includes the organization of a more rational use of agricultural lands. This is the increase of soil fertility, the expansion of sowing of agricultural crops at the expense of unused arable lands; also it is construction and reconstruction of drainage systems.
      Thus, the yield on irrigated lands is in the three to four times higher compared with other land; and the labor productivity is in the two to three times (reports, 2010-2012). The advantage of irrigated farming is most clearly manifested in the conditions of the abnormal drought 2010. Then the crops completely died almost a third of the area of crops in more than 40 regions of the Russian Federation. More than 25 thousand farms have suffered losses. The grain production in that year decreased by 35%, the shortage of grain amounted to 15 million tons, vegetables - 1.9 million tons. In the same time, the yield on irrigated land decreased only 10-12%.
      Meanwhile, the share of reclaimed land in Russia is less than 8%. This is unacceptable lower than of our competitors in the global food market. For example, in China the reclaimed land is 44%, in India - 36%, in the USA - 40% (federal target program, 2013).
      And even drainage systems created in the Soviet period, in many cases, are using improperly. So, almost half of agricultural irrigation systems of general and individual used is not operated because they have any malfunctions and other reasons. Now more than 500 thousand hectares of irrigated lands are not used in agricultural production.
      As a result, if in the early 90-s in the Russian Federation there were 11.5 million hectares of reclaimed agricultural land (6.1 million hectares of irrigated and 5.4 million hectares of drained land), then to the present time only 9.1 million hectares of reclaimed land (4.3 million irrigated and 4.8 million drained) are in the use of agricultural producers. This was largely the result of inadequate measures of the state support of agrarian sector in a very difficult period of the active phase of agrarian and land reforms (the 90-s and the beginning of «zero's» years). In this period the termination use more than 15 million hectares of agricultural lands happened. The mineral and organic fertilizers then were not compensating for the loss of nutrients soil with harvest - the average annual deficit of humus in arable layer amounted to 0.52 tons per hectare.
      However, the beginning of realization in 2006 of the priority national project «Development of agro-industrial complex» helped improve the situation. Then this project was transformed into the state programs development of agriculture and regulation of market agricultural products, raw materials and food (2008-2012 and 2013-2020). Their implementation has given 4.4% annual growth of agricultural production. Moreover, it was in the conditions of 2010, when significant agricultural areas were covered by an abnormal drought.
      In the same year the Government adopted program of soil fertility (federal target program 2006). Similar programs had implemented previously too. But they did not give the expected result. The program 2006 gave a positive effect.
      So, it has allowed to involve in agricultural use 4.77 million hectares of unused an agricultural land and to prevent the outflow from use 6.79 million hectares.
      The rehabilitation and involvement in intensive agricultural use 232.15 thousand hectares of land affected by the accident at the Chernobyl NPP had carried out in the framework of this program.


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      The program's events had provided the protection of 548.91 thousand hectares against water erosion, flooding and underflooding and of 1201.32 thousand hectares from wind erosion and desertification.
      Only environmental benefits from the restoration and preservation of soil fertility on the square 6.79 million hectares of agricultural lands are estimated more than 25 billion rubles (federal target program, 2013).
      An additional incentive for the movement in this direction should be the food security Doctrine of the Russian Federation, which provides for a more rational use of agricultural lands, increase soil fertility, expansion of sowing agricultural crops at the expense of unused arable land (Lipski, 2013).
      A new step was the decision of the Government of the Russian Federation about Federal target program «Development of melioration of the agricultural lands of Russia for 2014-2020».




                MONITORING OF AGRICULTURAL LAND




      Another necessary condition for the rational use and protection of agricultural land is appropriate information support.
      In Soviet period and in beginning of land reform the state land cadaster was main information system, which contained the information about land. It included the following components.
    1. The registration of specific land plots reflected the legal aspects of land use.
    2. The accounting of the quantity and quality of land.
    3. The soil's bonitation by natural properties was reflecting the production aspects of land use.
    4. The economic evaluation of land was the basis for application of economic regulators of agricultural lands.
      In the 90-s the land cadaster developed towards a multi-purpose information system about land which included the accounting of land, her registration, ensuring of land's taxation and land's management. Then cadastral specialists tried to integrate in this system other real estate. But it was unsuccessfully (Lipski, 2001). It succeeded after the adoption in the 2007 law about the transition to the united cadaster of real estate. In result the data of agricultural land were greatly simplified. Real estate cadaster contains no information about farmland in the structure of land plot, about productive specifications and other information. Therefore this cadaster is not suitable for the purposes ensure of rational use of agricultural land. It is not reflecting the specifics of land as a natural resource used as the main means of production in agriculture (Hlystun, 2010).
      In the early 90-s another the land information system was introduced in addition to land cadaster. It is the state monitoring of lands, which became a part of the state environmental monitoring.
      However, it also ensures not full-fledged observation for land plots as for production resource and for fields of crop rotation. This monitoring is not exercised for a range of parameters characterizing the fertility of the soils, which are essential for agriculture.
      Along with the state monitoring of land the other observations are being implemented in the land and agrarian spheres too.
      The monitoring of fertility of agricultural lands is part of the state monitoring of land (more Zakharova, 2012). Also the state monitoring of land includes as a component part the monitoring of reclaimed land.
      The Doctrine of food security of the Russian Federation provides for the monitoring such security. One of the main directions of the ensuring of food security is the increase soil fertility and crop yield, the expansion of sowing of agricultural crops at the expense of unused arable lands, the construction and reconstruction of drainage systems (more Lipski, 2013).
      Thus, for the lands of agricultural purpose there are several types of observations. But these disparate observations do not give a synergy effect. There is the lack of systematic. In

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this regard, quite big expectations are connected with the formation unified system of monitoring agricultural land.
     In 2010 the Government of the Russian Federation approved the concept of the development of the specialized state monitoring agricultural lands and of the formation of state information resources about these lands.
     The practical steps on conducting this monitoring was not realized although after the adoption of the respective decision by the Government of the Russian Federation has passed already more than 3 years. So, the information resources in the field of monitoring agricultural lands created while only in 4 regions (Voronezh, Samara, Lipetsk region, Krasnodar territory). The works on their formation started in 15 other regions.
     The basis for the formation of such a system should be implemented in the real time monitoring of soil fertility. The centers and stations of the agrochemical service, chemicals and agricultural radiology perform this monitoring. This centers and stations are subordinate to the Ministry of agriculture of Russia.
     This centers and stations along with directly monitoring of land fertility have as the main directions of activities the soil, agrochemical, phytosanitary, ecological and toxicological surveys of agricultural land. Also they are performing the reclamation and erosion control measures in order to ensure the reproduction of fertility of lands, including conservation heavily eroded lands. Therefore, the monitoring of agricultural lands can provide the necessary consistency in the information sphere of agrarian land.




                DISCUSSION




     This article generalizes and systematizes the results published by its author in various scientific editions (Lipski, 2001, 2013 and other). The responses on them received from a number scientists and specialists.




                CONCLUSION




     The general conclusion is that in the period of agrarian and land reforms the state was not able to allocate sufficient funds for improve the fertility. The agricultural organizations also do not have adequate funds for the financing of such works and for the purchase informations about their lands. The information systems about the land in that period were attending more of legal aspects and of technical side (technology, electronic information exchange) rather than on the characteristics of the land as the main means of production. Currently the situation is improving. The agricultural producers are demanding the land information.
     Currently the preservation and increase of fertility of agricultural land are requiring systematic work. Besides, along with measures of legislative regulation and budget financing the agricultural science should be engaging of the solution of this problem. The adoption of the program of land reclamation was the result of purposeful work of scientists and specialists. But if the scientific community is not able to formulate its position on the existing problematic issues, such issues will be solved authoritarian (as it happened in land and agrarian sphere in period of reform).




                REFERENCES




1. Doklady o sostojanii i ispol'zovanii zemel' sel'skohozjajstvennogo naznachenija. [Reports on the status and use of lands of agricultural purpose]. Moscow. 2010-2012.
2. Federal target program «Development of melioration of the agricultural lands of Russia for 2014-2020». Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. 2013. (43), 5554
3. Federal target program «Preservation and restoration of fertility of agricultural lands and agricultural landscapes as the national heritage of Russia for 2006 - 2010 years». Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. 2006. (10), 1101.


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4.  Hlystun, V.N. (2010) Needs whether the country in a land cadaster? Land use planning, cadaster and land monitoring. (7), P. 34-36.
5.  Kruzhilin, I.P. (2009). About the Concept of the target program for development of land reclamation with respect to implementation of requirements of food security Doctrine of the Russian Federation. Use and protection of natural resources in Russia. (2) P. 51-57.
6.  Lipski, S.A. (2001). Development of cadaster and land monitoring. Agrarian science. (4). P. 6-7.
7.  Lipski, S.A. (2013). Rational use of agricultural land as a major factor of the ensuring food security. Land use planning, cadaster and land monitoring. (3), P. 15-20.
8.  Lipski, S.A. (2013). State policy to ensure soil fertility in post-Soviet Russia. Agrarian Russia. (11). 25-29.
9.  Piterskij, V.M. Strategicheskij potencial Rossii. Prirodnye resursy. [Strategic potential of Russia. Natural resources.]. Moscow. 1999. 252 p.
10.  Pravovye problemy racional'nogo ispol'zovanija i oborota zemel' sel'skohozjajstvennogo naznachenija. [Legal problems of rational use and turnover of agricultural lands]. Monography. Edited by Lipski, S.A. Moscow. 2013. 120 p.
11.  Volkov, S.N. (2009). Management of agricultural lands. Land use planning. Agrarian herald of the Urals. (5). P. 13- 17.
12.  Zaharova, N.I. (2012). Monitoring of soils of agricultural lands: the essence, goals and objectives. Bulletin of Povolzhskaya academy of state service. P. 117-121.

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                EVALUATION OF QUALITY INDICATORS RELATED TO QUALITY BREAD WHEAT PROMISING LINES




Mohammad Ali Ghadami, The MSC Student Islamic Azad University Shahr-e-Rey Branch, Tehran, Iran

Mehdi Nasr Esfahani, Associate Professor
Central for Agriculture and Natural Resources Research, Esfahan, Iran

Seyed Hassan Mirhojjati, Mohammad Zamany Moghadam, Researchers Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran

Mohammad Ali Shariati, Researcher
Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University,Tehran, Iran

Behnam Montazeri, Researcher
Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran

E-mail: m.ali.ghadami@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
The bread waste is one of the important socio-economic's issues country now, the urgent need is feeling to improve the wheat quality. Therefore, using the methods of farming and breeding is necessary to improve the quality of this strategic product. As a result, tests of quality’s traits in wheat promising lines in Isfahan climate took place. In this study, the choice 17 advanced lines of compare the performances,s experiments, an experiment was conducted for two consecutive cropping (2011-2012) at cultural experiment and research centre in Isfahan located in Kabutar Abad region. Randomized complete block designs with 3 replications were compared with Spring variety (for control). Traits including: 1000 grain weight, hectolitre weight, protein content, Zeleny sedimentation rate, bread volume, grain moisture content, grain hardness, water absorption, falling number, percentage of dry gluten, gluten index, sedimentation rates were SDS.The results of the combined analysis of variance qualitative characteristics,s for two consecutive cropping showed that treatments with compare together and control variety had significant influence in 1% probability.Correlation coefficients of two years showed that the compound test significant positive correlation within grain hardness index and protein content, wet gluten and dry deposition rates of SDS. Also, significant positive correlation with the percentage of protein content of dry gluten. In view of the high correlation with protein content of dry gluten (quantity). However, grain hardness and relatively high correlation with SDS sedimentation as an important measure of protein quality. Therefore, the test results of dry gluten grains can be tough to choose in order to improve the quality of wheat bread may be used.

KEY WORDS
Qualitative traits, Wheat; Promising lines; Solidarity.

     Wheat Products in dietary pattern in Iran is very important, as about 50 percent protein and 40 to 45 percent of calories needed daily to meet (6). The bakery value of diffrent wheat lines is depended to the amount of gluten in the grain. Gluten proteins are including Gliadin and glutenin and nearly 80% of the seed proteins are of two-component form (8). Grain protein content, is dependent on the variety, climatic conditions, etc.Baking quality mainly depends on two factors: the quality and quantity of gluten bread dough (4). The best way to check the quality of bread, preparation flour from the studied genotypes and standardized baking testing however, it can take time and cost. Thus, it can be an indirect way to measure bread quality traits, identified as criteria to estimate the value of bread wheat genotypes used (3). In the past was used total protein content for determine of wheat quality, but it is not


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suitable all proteins of wheat for bread-making quality and this property is only for gluten proteins. In addition to quantitative measurements, flour protein quality measurements were proposed. From existing methods can be noted to measure the sds sedimentation and zeleny sedimentation rate (3). Research in this direction in order to assess the quality attributes that affect seed quality in bread wheat, an experiment was conducted a randomized complete block design with four genotypes of wheat in three replications. Results indicated that seed hardiness index correlated significantly with protein content, SDS sedimentation and dry gluten content, also significant positive correlation within protein content, wet gluten content and dry gluten content was showed (1). Although the quality of grain to produce one of the important characteristics of high-yielding varieties of wheat breeding programs in the country, but a lot of work dont was done on it in iran. Research conducted on the quality was more on durum wheat (1). However, very little information about the quality of wheat bread. The key objectives of the present study were to determine the suitable selection of high-quality bakery bread cultivars that reduce waste, research on 17 lines of wheat compared with Spring variety (for control) at isfahan climate, in the field took place.




                MATERIALS AND METHODS





       These experiments were conducted in two consecutive cropping (2011-2012) at cultural experiment and research centre in Isfahan located in Kabutar Abad region. Soil texture was loam clay. PH 0 to 30 cm soil depth averaged about 7/7, the electrical conductivity of about 65/1 dS m⁻¹ and soil bulk density 5/1 gram per cubic centimeter is. A randomized complete block design whith 3 replications was used. Treatments Including 17 advanced lines of wheat were compared with Spring variety (for control) (Table 1). At harvest time of each treatment, 500 grams of flour, for qualitative properties tests, at the Cereal Chemistry Laboratory located in Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, were tested. Hectolitre weight, based on the number of 55-10 instructions by the American Association of Cereal Chemists suggested, using the device, respectively. Alpha-amylase activity (falling number) , based on the number of 55-81 (B) instructions by the American Association of Cereal Chemists suggested, and bread volume, grain protein percentage, kernel hardness and flour water absorption rate was determined by the method of Norris et al., (7). Also used Gluten Labeling Machine glutamic and centrifuge, wet gluten content obtained according to Standard No. 137 International Association of Cereal (5). Statistical analysis of the data by the statistical software spss were analyzed separately.

       Table 1 - Genealogy profile of the lines*          
 lines                      Genealogy                    
control Spring variety (for control)                     
M-87-2  M-83-17                                          
M-87-3  Seri/Avd/3/Rsh/Afn/4/iup/Biy/Kauz                
M-87-4  Omid/H7/4/839/3/Omid/Tdo/5/Kal/Bb/Cj”s”/Hork”s”  
M-87-5  Alvd/Aldan”s”/las58/4/Kal/Bb/Cj”s”/3/Hork”s”     
M-87-6  Alvd/Aldan”s”/las58/4/Kal/Bb/Cj”s”/3/Hork”s”     
M-87-7  Alvd/Aldan”s”/las58/4/Kal/Bb/Cj”s”/3/Hork”s”     
M-87-8  Tbs/Flt/3/Evwy2/Azd/Rsh*2/10120/4/M-75-7         
M-87-9  1 -66-22/5/1 -66-31 /4/Anza/3/Pi/Nar/Hyz/6/M-75-7
M-87-10 1 -66-22/5/1 -66-31 /4/Anza/3/Pi/Nar/Hyz/6/M-75-7
M-87-11 H e rewa rd/S i re n/5/Gov/Az/M u s/3/D oDo/4/Bow
M-87-12 Merual/4/Bloudan/3/Bb/7c*2/Y50E/Kal*3/5/shiroodi 
M-87-13 Gascogne/3/Nai60/Hn7//sy                         
M-87-14 OASIS/SKAUZ//4*BCN*2/3/PASTOR                    
M-87-15 TURACO/CHIL/SKAUZ/3/P ASTOR                      
M-87-16 KAUZ//ALTAR 84/AOS/3/PASTOR                      
M-87-17 VEE/PJN/2*KAUZ/3/P ASTOR                         
M-87-18 BABAX/LR42//BABAX                                

* Derived from Isfahan Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources’s Germplasm

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                RESULTS AND DISCUSSION





       The results showed that, lines test cases from all characteristics of qualitative including: grain weight, hectolitre weight, protein content, Zeleny sedimentation rate, bread volume, grain moisture content, grain hardness, water absorption, falling number, wet and dry gluten content, gluten index and SDS sedimentation rate, with compare together and control variety had significant influence in 1% probability (Table 2).

Table 2 - ANOVA results of quality and quantity parameters of treated wheat lines (two years)       
                                          [Part 1]                                                  
  Sources of    zeleni         Protein    Weight of 1000       Dry       Degree of       volume    
    changes                                    seeds          gluten      freedom                  
     Year         2/098 ns    0/018 ns       1/068 ns        0/014 ns        2         137/345 ns  
   Genotype     8/691 **     0/276 **        56/564 “      2/163 **          17       2921/436 **  
     Year            **          **         3004/113**     700/02 **         1             **      
                104/083        12/813                                                  76960/083   
Genotype * year 6/103 **     0/312 **        29/489 **     1/812 **          17       2237/672 **  
     Error      807/006         0/006          0/867       0/043             70          75/745    
    Changes         3/55        1/77           8/14            6/05          _            4/64     
  coefficient                                                                                      
R-Square           0/876        0/983          0/987       0/961             _           0/969     

Table 2 - ANOVA results of quality and quantity parameters of treated wheat lines (two years) [Part 2]

  Sources of      Falling     Water                       Degree of           
    changes        Number     intake  Hardness     SDS     freedom  Wet gluten
     Year         0/715 ns   0/013 ns 0/668 ns  0/247 ns      2      0/174 ns 
   Genotype     27660/890 ** 1/620 ** 12/624 ** 38/876 **    17     3754/260 *
     Year       114367/688** 5/741 **    **        **         1     334/333 * 
                                       205/556   357/157                      
Genotype * year 27080/601 ** 1/536 ** 11/094 ** 30/290 **    17             **
                                                                    2195/674  
     Error         0/415      0/018     0/396     0/383      70       0/059   
    Changes        11/33       0/81     2/59      4/75        _     4/92      
  coefficient                                                                 
   R-Square         1/00      0/979     0/998     0/983       _     1/00      
ns (no significant), * significant (p<0.05), **significant (p<0.01)            

       As might was expected, the highest correlation was observed between wet gluten content and dry gluten content (r=0/927 **). Although the gluten content reflects the quantity of protein, highly significant positive correlation was found between protein content and dry gluten content (r=0/760 **), and wet gluten with protein content (r=0/653 **). Correlation between the characteristics of wet and dry gluten, gluten index and SDS sedimentation volume was positive and significant. Also, grain hardness index indicated significant positive correlation with protein content, water absorption, wet and dry gluten; Zeleny and SDS sedimentation rates (Table 3). Research has shown that the correlation between the protein percentage with hardness seed, grain moisture and water absorption, loaf volume, Zeleny and SDS sedimentation volume characteristics is positive and significant (2, 9). One of the most important factors in evaluating the quality of wheat bread volume is particularly large in the case of bread is very important. Bread volume is introduces to market characteristics. According to the results of the correlation coefficients, bread volume with wet and dry gluten content and Zeleny has a significant positive correlation. Arzani (1) in study the effect of environment on wheat quality traits, reported that environmental conditions have a significant effect on bread volume was observed. Also, correlation between bread volume and Zeleny number, a significant percentage of gluten and protein reported.


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                 Table 3 - Correlation coefficient of quality parameters of promising lines of wheat                                
                     Dry    Gluten    Wet    Falling   Water             Humidity   Bread    Zeleny  Protein Hectoliter  Weight of 
     n/n       SDS Gluten   indec    Gluten  Number  intake (%) hardness   (%)    volum (m)   (m)      (%)   weight (kg) 1000 seeds
                     (%)              (%)                                                                                   (gr)   
  Weight of                                                                                                                  1     
  1000seeds                                                                                                                        
  Hectoliter                                                                                                      1      0/095     
   Protein                                                                                           1       -0/340      -0/473 *  
    Zeleny                                                                                     1      0/551  -0/541 **   -0/282    
                                                                                                       **                          
 Bread volume                                                                         1     0/404 *   0/270  0/168       -0/149    
   Humidity                                                                     1 -0/152    0/041    -0/100  -0/398      0/341     
   hardness                                                        1     -0/066     0/143   0/485 *   0/709  -0/340      -0/431 *  
                                                                                                       **                          
 Water intake                                            1      0/559 ** -0/346   -0/114    0/291     0/620  -0/054      -0/311    
                                                                                                       **                          
Falling number                                  1      0/036     -0/166  -0/061   -0/038     0/119    0/000  -0/035      0/212     
  Wet gluten                           1     -0/146    0/516*   0/610 ** -0/272     0/352   0/481 *   0/653  -0/205      -0/531 *  
                                                                                                       **                          
 Gluten index              1        0/498 *   0/012   0/420 *   0/607 ** -0/047     0/207    0/260   0/406 * -0/201      -0/048    
  Dry gluten          1    0/441 *  0/927 ** -0/105   0/614 **  0/614**  -0/412 * 0/420 *   0/594 **  0/760  -0/015      -0/551 ** 
                                                                                                       **                          
     SDS        1  0/456 * 0/549 ** 0/423 *   0/204    0/394    0/719 **  0/207     0/076    0/030    0/142  -0/167      0/113     

ns (no significant), * significant (p<0.05), ** significant (p<0.01)

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      Shahin nia et al., The survey showed that in the most of most lines with high bread volume, the volume will be high Zeleny, although in the some lines with high Zeleny volume may be relatively low bread volume. This is due to the effect of the protein percentage on the number of Zeleny. Correlation between seed weight and other quality traits such as protein content, dry gluten content were negative and significant. In this regard, Norris et al., (7) found that weight loss of saving grain starch led to protein content per unit volume is increased, because one of the first enzymes of starch synthesis, adenylate phosphate transferase is Glvkzyk, that in the stress condition, its value is reduced significantly. Thus, in the qualitative characteristics, protein content, dry gluten, grain hardness were significantly correlated with a greater number of characteristics (Table 3).
      In this regard, In order to explore the diversity and path coefficient analysis of breadmaking quality traits by path coefficient analysis, 145 bread wheat genotypes in augmented design compared with three controls: Roshan, Ghods and Mahdavi, were evaluated. The results demonstrate the importance significant and direct effect Bread sedimentation SDS, bread volume, grain moisture and water absorption and were indirect effects of these characteristics by protein percentage on the SDS sedimentation volume changes. The results of the study of correlation between qualitative traits, on direct and significant relationship between protein content and SDS sedimentation volume with other bread quality traits were testified (8). In an experimental study of plant density on quality characteristics of wheat Kouhdasht, at Gonbad dry conditions in a factorial randomized complete block design was conducted. Correlation analysis indicates, was significant positive correlation between Zeleny and bread volume and grain hardness (5). In this regard, in one study that conducted to assess the qualitative characteristics influencing grain quality of wheat bread, The experiment used a randomized complete block design with four genotypes of wheat in the crop year 80-1379 was administered in 3 replicates, the results indicated that seed hardiness correlated significantly with protein content, SDS sedimentation and dry gluten content, also,was significant positive correlation between protein content, with wet gluten content and dry gluten content showed (2). According to the results of the correlation coefficients (Table 3), in the justification noted the relationship should be due to filling the empty space between the cells with the protein particles, hard grains wheat and glassy, have more protein than of soft wheat. Therefore, grain hardness with other properties directly with the protein shows significant correlation, and indirectly affect with the amount of water absorbed by the flour and Zeleny volume will be effective (9). SDS sedimentation showed significantly positive correlation with grain hardness. In fact, with increase in grain hardness, proteins’ affecting the seed quality is enhanced. Given that the gluten content reflects the quantity of protein, positive correlation between protein content and gluten content seem logical. It should be noted, due to the relatively high correlation between dry gluten with protein content (quantity), on the other hand grain hardness have high correlation with SDS sedimentation as an important measure of protein quality, so the dry gluten and grains hardness for choices in order to improve the quality of wheat bread can be used.




                REFERENCES




[1]  Arzani, A.2002. Grain quality of durum wheat germplasm as affected by heat and drought stress at grain filling period. Wheat Imformation Service 94:9-14.
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