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Эффективное управление

Chengli Liu. The Doubling Plan of China’s National Income in 2010–2020: 

A Tentative Study on the Sustainability of Economic Growth ...............................................................4

М.М. Глазов, И.П. Фирова. Новые методы управления затратами как важный фактор 

повышения эффективности производства ......................................................................................11

В.П. Микитчук. Развитие предпринимательской среды в особой экономической зоне .......17
Г.В. Сменцарев. О формировании состава и структуры моделей 

антропосоциокультурных систем в задачах оценки их состояния .............................................23

А.А. Куприн, И.В. Жук. Формирование и развитие процесса управления инновациями 

с целью повышения эффективности предпринимательской деятельности ..............................28

М.А. Лешукова. Место и роль информационных технологий в механизме управления 

современным вузом .............................................................................................................................34

рыночная среда

М.М. Третьяков, Г.С. Ивлев. Условие и факторы формирования и развития 

рынка финансовых услуг ....................................................................................................................39

В.А. Коробко, А.Б. Окунь. Механизмы повышения энергоэффективности 

жилищно-коммунального хозяйства ...............................................................................................43

В.В. Рицци. Анализ состояния и тенденции развития туризма в мировой 

и российской экономике.....................................................................................................................49

В.В. Метлюк, А.П. Упадышева. Проблемы управления качеством сервиса, 

предоставляемого в малых отелях ...................................................................................................56

история и современность

Ю.Е. Кондаков. Орден золотого и розового креста в России: ритуальная практика ..............59
В.С. Дельвиг. Место и роль Московского госпиталя в истории реформирования 

российской медицины в 1707–1735 гг. ..............................................................................................65

А.В. Гноевых. Из истории журнала «Русское богатство»: к вопросу о роли 

В.Г. Короленко (1904–1914 гг.)  ...........................................................................................................71

стратегия дискурса

А.В. Готнога. Прогностический потенциал идеалистического и материалистического 

понимания истории ............................................................................................................................76

И.Г. Шестакова. Проблемы стратегического планирования общественного развития 

в условиях ускоряющегося обновления технологий информационного обмена ......................81

В.А. Куц. Защитные стратегии в культуре: байесовский метод оптимизации 

(на примере русского кулачного боя) ...............................................................................................86

И.В. Азеева. Философское знание как основа интегративных процессов в науке 

о театре и современной российской театральной школе ..............................................................92

глобализация: полемика цивилизаций

А.Ф. Чернова. Ирано-иракская война 1980–1988 гг.: 

Подходы монархий Персидского залива ........................................................................................96


Е.О. Новожилова. Современные международные миграции: 

причины, особенности, последствия .............................................................................................101

М.С. Негрова. О турбулентных процессах передела пространства-времени: 

перспективы и опасения (на примере Красноярского края) ......................................................106

И.Ф. Игнатьева. Пространство потоков: экономический и геополитический 

анализ туризма .................................................................................................................................. 111

Л.Л. Кушнир. Система ресурсного обеспечения национальных экономик: 

стратегия формирования .................................................................................................................116

правовое общество

А.А. Дорская. Проблемы передачи в Российской Федерации имущества 

религиозного назначения религиозным организациям 
(по материалам судебной практики) ..............................................................................................121

О.В. Громцев. Эволюция правового регулирования трудовой миграции 

в Западной европе ............................................................................................................................126

языки культуры

Т.С. Танганова. Стилистика песен-загадок бурят ......................................................................130
Н.В. Александрова. Удмуртский музыкальный жанр «эктон гур»:

терминологический ряд ...................................................................................................................134

M.C. Tezic. National language as republican politic and the language preferences 

of the students in Republic of Tuva .....................................................................................................138

М.А. Бекишев. Ориентирующая графика на транспортных объектах ...................................144

мир художественной культуры

Т.А. Кубанова. Художник в диалоговом пространстве культур Сибири 

на рубеже ХХ–ХХI веков. Некоторые аспекты .............................................................................150

Н.В. Куракова. Роль и значение ЛВХПУ имени В.И. Мухиной в истории становления 

и развития ленинградского авторского гобелена ........................................................................155

О.Е. Старцева. Изделия Ленинградского завода 

художественного стекла середины 1950-х – первой половины 1960-х гг.  
в собрании елагиноостровского дворца-музея ............................................................................161

М.В. Голованова. Функционализм как базовый принцип формообразования 

в дизайне светильников начала XX в. .................................................................................... 166

Н.Н. Дроздова-Пичурина. Художественные парадигмы фотоискусства: 

методология анализа ........................................................................................................................171

У Сяолинь. Изображение Великой китайской стены в традициях гохуа 

и в современной живописи ..............................................................................................................175

М.В. Аплечеева. Вторая симфония Шостаковича: неудача или шедевр? ................................180

ценностный опыт

С.А. Емельянов. Культурная и некультурная политика ............................................................185
Н.В. Рудская. Аутоиммунный синдром российского социума в исследованиях 

отечественных мыслителей консервативного направления 
(на примере публицистики Михаила Каткова и Василия Каткова) .........................................190

А.А. Мельникова, Л.Я. Круглянская. Архетипы лидера и глубинные основания культуры: 

лингво-культурологическое исследование....................................................................................194

Г.М. Васильева. «Духовные скрепы» российского общества 

в зеркале языковой оценки ..............................................................................................................198

П.Г. Черникова. Парадокс трансцедентального в массовой культуре .....................................203

педагогический опыт

И.В. Синова. Повседневная жизнь детей трудящегося населения Санкт-Петербурга 

во второй половине XIX – начале XX вв. ..................................................................................207

Е.А. Иванюк. Педагогические установки скульптора М.К. Аникушина ................................212



© ЦНИТ «Астерион», 2013
© Авторы, статьи, 2013

НОвОсти

лексикОН

К.Г. Исупов Космос русского самосознания

Эстетика истории...........................................................................................................................244
Юродство .........................................................................................................................................246

Памяти Леонида Михайловича Чистова

А.Н. Сидоров. Человек, Солдат, Учёный, Педагог ......................................................................249
А.Л. Чистов. Памяти отца и учёного ...........................................................................................251
С.Н. Бородулин. Петербургские дипломатические конференции-2012:

Международная конференция «Humanitarian diplomacy, collaboration, interaction» ...............251

А.О. Бороноев. Исследование культуры Монголии и монгольского мира в России. 

Рецензия на книгу «Россия – Монголия: культурная идентичность 
и межкультурное взаимодействие» .................................................................................................254

А.Л. Казин. Рецензия на книгу С.А. емельянова «Сколько стоит русская идея? 

Практические аспекты проблемы идеального и национального» ............................................256

А.В. Корнилова. Комплексное изучение проблематики и стиля русской критики. 

Рецензия на книгу С.М. Балуева «Критика изобразительного искусства 1840–1880 гг. 
в становлении русской художественной школы» .........................................................................257

Summary .................................................................................................................................................259

сведения об авторах ...........................................................................................................................266

Условия подачи материалов ...............................................................................................................269

редакционный совет ...........................................................................................................................270

среда ОбитаНия

осмысление ноосферы

Н.А. Сычина. Традиционный календарь как отражение хронотопа 

этнической культуры коренных народов Западной Сибири .....................................................216

А.В. Федотова. Плавморнин и первый советский исследовательский корабль 

«Персей» в творчестве художника и моряка В.М. Голицына  .....................................................220

глобальный экологический кризис:мифы и реальность

Л.С. Ивлев. Аэрозоли и глобальные изменения климата ..........................................................225

природная среда

Г.Т. Фрумин, Жань-Жань Хуан. Термодинамическая оценка состояния 

водных объектов ................................................................................................................................232

В.И. Уличев, Н.В. Ловелиус. Изменения численности гренландских тюленей 

в эпохи максимумов и минимумов скорости вращения Земли .................................................236

Н.В. Ловелиус. Космические реперы как основа выявления ритмов 

в элементах атмосферы, гидросферы, биосферы ..........................................................................239

Terra Humana

ЭФФЕКТиВНоЕ УпрАВЛЕНиЕ

ОбществО

УДК 338.1
ББК 65.05

Chengli Liu

The Doubling Plan of China’s naTional inCome in 2010–2020: 
a TenTaTive sTuDy on The susTainabiliTy of eConomiC growTh

В докладе на 18-м национальном съезде КПК была предложена цель построения к 2020 
году среднезажиточного общества, для чего в Китае предполагается удвоить ВВП и доходы на душу населения для городских и сельских жителей по сравнению с 2010 годом. Обсуждаются возможности достижения этой цели с точки зрения перспектив политической 
и экономической систем, их адаптируемости, внутреннего спроса, с учетом  ограничений 
для хода экономического развития, связанных с окружающей средой, населением и неравенством доходов. Автор полагает, что для того, чтобы экономический рост мог быть удвоен количественно и улучшен качественно, необходимо усилить реформы политической, 
экономической и социальной систем, несмотря на потенциальные институциональные 
преимущества и наличие устойчивого экономического роста в Китае.

Ключевые слова:
национальный доход, устойчивость, экономическая политика, экономические реформы 
в современном Китае, экономический рост.

It was proposed by the report to the 18th 

National Congress of the CPC that in order to 
complete the building of a Moderately Prosperous Society by 2020, GDP and per capita income 
of urban and rural residents should be doubled 
compared with their counterparts in 2010. 
Since China’s economic aggregate has grown to 
rank as the 2nd largest in the world from 20101, 
the proposed goal is exciting for the public. Regardless of inflation, if only the GDP growth 
rate maintains at an average level of 7.2%, the 
goal can be automatically realized. As a matter 
of fact, the average growth rates of these indices 
have exceeded this appointed level so that they 
have been doubled by many times. According to 
the statistics in 1978-2010, GDP of 2010 was doubled by 26.78 times compared with that of 1978. 
At the same time, the doubling frequencies of 
per capita disposable income of urban residents 
and net per capita income of rural residents are 
respectively 25.8 and 25.47. From the perspective of data, the doubling frequencies of indices 
per capita are lagged to that of the total quantity 
index. Furthermore, compared with the latter, 
it seems like harder to double the former as it 
depends on the reform of income distribution 
including restructuring the distributional relationships among governments, enterprises, and 
individuals. In order to make the doubling plan 
work in 2010-2020, the question deserving dis
cussion is not so much to figure out whether this 
plan can be realized as probe the sustainability 
of economic growth and the reform of income 
distribution. The framework of this article is 
thereby as follows: in the first part the author 
will discuss the fundamental conditions of realizing the doubling plan by 2020, the second one 
is devoted to probe the constraints of exercising 
this plan, and some policy suggestions will be 
given in the last one.

I. The Fundamental Conditions of Real
izing the Doubling Plan by 2020

As mentioned above, one of the main pur
poses of this article is to examine whether the 
fundamental conditions of sustaining economic growth in terms of institution and inventory 
exist or not. Based on the existing literature 
and the author’s personal observation, this article will reveal these fundamental conditions 
from the perspectives of political and economic system, self-adaptive and learning capacity, 
and potential of domestic demands.

1. Political and Economic System of China
It is no doubt that the political and eco
nomic system of China integrating political 
centralization with economic decentralization 
[5, p. 31] was contributed to the rapid growth 
in the past three decades.

Legislative power and power of personnel 

administration as the most important political 

Общество


powers in contemporary China are centralized, 
which makes central government play a salient 
role in initiating and regulating reform. This 
institutional design is conducive to economic 
growth. Due to centralization of legislative 
power, the reforms of tax system have ever accelerated local economic growth and enhanced 
the fiscal extractive capacity of central government. Substantially speaking, the fiscal responsibility contract system implemented from 
1980s through early 1990s helped to activate 
effectively the enthusiasm of local governments 
in promoting local economic development; the 
fiscal extractive capacity of central government 
enhanced by the tax-sharing arrangement conducted in 1994 strengthened the macro-regulatory capacity of central government which is 
an engine to steer the macro-economic development. With regard to power of personnel 
administration, the principle of “the Party is in 
charge of cadre management” and the cadre 
assessment system from top to bottom ensured 
governments at higher levels can credibly 
carry out administrative control, as well as rewards and punishment affairs. Such political 
centralization of China maintained the risk 
of rent-capturing or rent-competition among 
local governments at lower levels which was 
regarded as the main reason to favor growth 
compared with Russia [1, p. 172].

Fortunately, political centralization in 

China does not exclude economic decentralization. Central government gave up gradually 
political control over micro-economic decision-making which was deduced as de facto 
market-preserving federalism [20, p. 22]. The 
decentralization theories such as this theoretical model insisted that economic decentralization has raised the incentive of local cadres to 
accelerate local economic growth. Under the 
condition of planned economy, although right 
of business management was devolved in the 
administrative system by a couple of times, enterprises’ productivity did not break through. 
Since reform and opening up, through strategy of economic decentralization, governments 
at all levels had substantively transferred their 
rights of business management to enterprises 
which separated government functions from 
enterprise management. Furthermore, with 
the privatization of industrial sectors via enlarging the share of non-public sector in the 
economy, together with fiscal decentralization, the efficiency of resource allocation is improved [15, p. 18], the convergence of interest 
between local governments and enterprises is 
facilitated [21, p. 710], which are conducive to 
economic growth. Since the microeconomic 
entities have grown as the basic force of market economy, and mechanisms of price, com
petition, supply and demand are established 
and improved, the fundamental role of market 
mechanism has made the economic aggregate 
and national income per capita multiplied by 
many times.

2. Self-adaptive and Learning Capacity
Sustainable economic growth in China was 

indebted to the self-adaptive and learning capacity of the party in power and its government which has manifested in the following 
ways:

− The evolution of the concept of develop
ment has been happening since reform and 
opening up. As a transition economy, in order to conquer the economic and social problems emerging in the development process, 
concept of development is the key of development strategy which has decisive effect on the 
development outcomes. Contrary to the Neoliberalism delegated by the Washington Consensus including privatization, deregulation, 
trade liberalization popular around the world, 
China proposed a series of concepts of development, such as “free up the mind, be realistic and pragmatic, looking forward united as 
one”, “focusing on the central task of economic 
construction”, “development is the absolute 
principle”, “balancing the relation among reform, development, and stability”, “transforming the mode of economic growth”, “sustainable growth”, “harmonious development among 
economy, society, population, resource, and 
environment”, “development is the primary 
task for the ruling party”, “transforming the 
mode of economic development”, “sound and 
rapid development”, “making the development 
achievements cover the whole population”, 
“scientific outlook on development with people-oriented, comprehensive, and harmonious, and sustainable development”, “beautiful 
China”. The strategies and policies guided by 
these concepts of development prevented China from falling into the Latin American trap, 
and formed gradually the pattern of China’s 
sustainable economic development.

− Gradual reform embodied by the concept 

of “learning by doing” can reduce the cost 
of economic-social transformation. Reforms 
have orderly spread from rural to urban area, 
from agriculture to industry, from industrial 
modernization to agricultural modernization, 
from reform of economic system to reform 
of political system, through reform of social 
management 
system. 
Although 
gradual 

reform has induced vested interest groups, 
solidified the dual-track system of urban and 
rural areas, widened the gap between the 
rich and the poor, the experiences cumulated 
from it are still the foundation of sustainable 
economic growth.



Terra Humana

− Late-developing advantages derived 

from learning, referencing and absorbing advanced experiences will continue for a long 
time. The development history of the western economies in 19 century demonstrated 
that invention, innovation, learning by doing, and technical diffusion had played a vital 
role in improving social productivity [7]. As a 
developing country, China always faces weak 
educational foundation, shortage of infrastructure, lack of innovation dynamics in the 
facet of technical and institutional innovation. 
Although China has successfully improved its 
technology through the process of “introduction- imitation- improvement- innovation” in 
the initial stage of development, the key of 
technical progress is independent innovation 
as late-developing disadvantage is always accompanied with late-developing advantage. It 
was approved that only through independent 
innovation can China upgrade its industrial 
structure and realize “innovated in China” 
transferred from “made in China”. Only when 
economic value added is left behind does economic growth have substantial meaning to the 
local residents.
− The governments have powerful capac
ity of mobilizing resources to controlling external risks. For example, the central government 
of China has rapidly proposed a stimulus package worth 4 trillion Yuan against the global financial crisis of 2008, a detailed plan of energy-saving and ejection-decreasing to respond 
to climate change. Furthermore, the mobilization capacity in fighting against earthquake 
and other natural calamities also showed that 
the administration is so strong to increase the 
confidence of consumers, investors, producers, 
and the relative individuals which make sustainable economic growth possible.
− The transfer of policy focus from effi
ciency to social equity is a regulatory signal 
responding to the changing social demands 
which provided a chance to increase per capita income of urban and rural residents. High 
GDP growth rate does not consequentially 
cause growth of per capita income of residents, the former refers to speed embodied by 
efficiency, and the latter is income distribution 

related to social equity. Prior to solving the income inequality, only high growth rate makes 
no sense. From the historical perspective, the 
policy inclination has been regulated from 
efficiency at the initial stage to social equity 
now (as showed in Table 1). At the beginning 
of reform, efficiency is certainly the primary 
consideration. The slogan “time is money, efficiency is life” had endowed all kinds of entities incentives to improve economic growth. 
Under the circumstances of high growth rate, 
as for some groups, especially monopolized industries and government-dominated sectors, 
personal income has been doubled by several 
times, while the ordinary people have experienced a different story. China’s administration 
has recognized that emphasizing speed has 
made much more negative outcomes, while 
social equity must be regarded as a new policy 
objective. The social equity-oriented principle 
helps to regulate distributional relationships 
among governments, enterprises, and individuals. With the gigantic economic aggregate, 
via the channels of primary distribution and 
redistribution, it is possible to make the development achievements cover the whole population, especially those vulnerable groups.

3. Potential of Domestic Demands
Domestic demands are deemed as reliable 

impetus of economic growth in unstable global 
economy. As showed in Chart 1, expenditurebased GDP is composed of final consumption expenditure and gross capital formation. 
Here, the former is made up of resident consumption (RC) and government consumption 
(GC), the latter consists of gross fixed capital 
formation (GFCF) and stock in trade (ST). As 
showed in Chart 2, domestic demands including final consumption expenditure (FCE) and 
gross capital formation (GCF) play an absolute 
role in contributing to the GDP. Expanding 
domestic demands thereby makes sense in improving economic growth.

Resident consumption is one direct impetus 

of accelerating economic growth. The gigantic 
population (1.341 billion at the end of 2010) 
of China and its high resident savings rate2 
are the advantage of expanding domestic demands. Aiming at mobilizing this advantage 

Table 1

Evolution of Relations between Equity and Efficiency in China (1978 to Presen)

− The 1st phase (1978-1984): to transcend egalitarianism and improve economic performance
− The 2nd phase (1984-1992): efficiency prior to equity
− The 3rd phase (1992-1993): to pay attention to efficiency and equity equivalently
− The 4th phase (1993-2006): efficiency is priority, and equity should also be considered
− The 5th phase (2006 to present): we should deal with the relation between efficiency and equity in distribution 
and redistribution, and pay more attention to equity in redistribution

Source: [4, pp. 47-48].

Общество



and stirring up consumption-driven economy, 
there exists huge space in improving employment, income distribution, housing, education, public health, and social security by the 
governments at all levels.

Government consumption including gen
eral public service, defense, public security, 
education, social security, employment, public 
health, environmental protection, community 
affairs in urban and rural areas, affairs of agriculture, forest, and water, and etc. is another 
impetus of accelerating economic growth. As 
an important component of final consumption 
expenditure, government consumption plays 
a controversial role in competing with enterprise investment. There is a positive conclusion approved by an empirical study that the 
public investment of China in 1994-2007 had a 
crowding-in effect on private investment [11]. 
This reciprocal relation between public and 
private investment in China provide a godgiven opportunity to stimulate gross capital 
formation which is pre-requisite for sustainable economic growth.

II. The Constraints of Exercising the Dou
bling Plan by 2020

Optimistically forecasting, the doubling 

plan in decade has been ensured by the foundation of economic growth. However, high 
speed of growth does not mean automatically 

improvement of growth quality. 
It is necessary to discuss the constraints of exercising the doubling 
plan from the perspectives of 
mode of economic development, 
environment, population, and income inequality.

1. Transformation of Mode of 

Economic Development

Although the transformation 

from extensive to intensive growth 
has put in force several years, the 
following negative modes of economic development in China are 
still obvious which hold back its 
sustainable economic growth.
− Excessive heavy industrial
ization. Speed-oriented economic 
growth has initiated the process 
of heavy industrialization which 
has made an overdraft at the 
cost of environment-sacrificing. 
Heavy industries include energy, 
machinery manufacturing, electronic industry, chemistry, metallurgy, and architecture material. 
Taking the marker of energy consumption- standard coal for example, the equivalents are respectively 0.99, 1.31, 1.46, 2.36, and 

Chart 1. Components of Expenditure-based GDP (source: China’s 

Statistics Yearbook 2011).

Chart 2. Cotribution on Rate to GDP 

(source: China’s Statistics Yearbook 2011).

3.07 billion tons in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 
and 2009. The amount increased by 3.1 times 
with more and more pace in the past two decades. An influential debate on the road to industrialization of China in early 21 century 
demonstrated that China has entered into the 
process of heavy industrialization and will last 
for a long time. To be sure, developing heavy 
industries is a necessary approach in pursuing modernization. Nevertheless, excessive 
heavy industrialization inevitably results in 
environment pollution, resource depletion, 
land degradation, ecological devastation, and 
climate change [18, p. 198] which have negative effect on sustainable economic growth.
− Unsustainable resource-based indus
tries. The fossil fuel and mineral including 
coal, petroleum, and natural gas belong to 
non-renewable resources which had evolved 
millions years ago. At the primary phase of 
economic development, in order to pursue a 
higher growth rate, on the one hand, non-renewable resources were generally overdeveloped3; on the other hand, renewable resources 
(such as wind, solar, biology, terrestrial heat, 
and ocean energy) were underdeveloped. 
Once the consumption rate of non-renewable resources exceeds that of renewable ones, 
and the superseded industry falls into blank 
after resource exhaustion, a series of social 



Terra Humana

problems including unemployment, housing, 
and social security in resource-based areas 
will jeopardize the sustainability of economic 
development.
− Malformed export-oriented economy. 

The export-oriented economy can be measured by the index of foreign trade dependence. Since the year of 2001 when China entered the WTO, its export-oriented economy 
came into being gradually. According to the 
data issued by National Bureau of Statistics 
of China, although influenced by the global 
financial crisis spread from 2008, the maximum 65.17% of foreign trade dependence in 
2006 decreased a little bit. With the recovery 
of global economy, the foreign trade dependence is still above 50%. It is no doubt that the 
global financial crisis or periodical economic 
fluctuation, shrinking of foreign market, prevalence of credit crisis, fluctuation of energy 
price and exchange rate have deadly negative 
effect on domestic economic growth.
− Feeble labor-intensive industry. Gigantic 

population is a comparative advantage of China which provides super consumption market 
and cheap labor force for economic growth. 
Although the cost of labor is increasing, some 
economists believed that if the productivity 
can be considered, the comparative advantage 
of labor-intensive industry does not disappear 
[8]. However, labor-intensive products have inherent disadvantages. For example, they are 
most likely to encounter trade protectionism, 
and their economic value added is relatively 
low. Under the circumstances of unstable global economy, the weakness of labor-intensive 
industry will endanger consequentially China’s sustainable economic growth.
− Manic real estate economy driven by 

land-based finance. Driven by land-based finance, real estate has become a pillar industry in local economic growth. One empirical 
study on a western city demonstrated that 
the share of land-related revenue in gross 
government revenue has increased from 10% 
in 1999 to 51% in 2003 [9, p. 84]. Another 
empirical study on an eastern town also approved that the average share of land-related revenue in extra-budgetary revenue is 
80.55% in 2001-2009, and the average share 
of land-related revenue in disposable fiscal 
capacity is 67.24%, the figure even reached 
91.11% in 2003 [14, pp. 29-30]. A report disclosed that “the ratio of the national landrelated revenue in local finance is about 
46%” [16]. There is a great deal of speculative bubbles in real estate market in China. 
Once capital or credit chain was broken, it is 
inevitable that the bubble of real estate will 
be dashed to the ground.

− Lagging upgrade of industrial struc
ture. The amount of R&D of China in 2010 
exceeded Japan and ranked the top second 
in the world [19]. Although the ratio of R&D 
in GDP, 1.39%, 1.40%, 1.47%, 1.70%, 1.76% 
in 2006-2010, is lower than Japan (3.3%), US 
(2.8%), Germany(2.4%), the absolute and relative figures resided on top rank in the world. 
In despite of these good-looking figures, the 
capacity of independent innovation is still 
weaken. Due to shortage of technological 
progress, the unreasonable industrial structure which embodied in the underdeveloped 
agriculture, energy-consuming industry, and 
low-grade tertiary industry is discouraging 
the sustainability of economic growth.

2. Environment
There are three typical hypotheses on the 

relation between environmental protection and 
economic growth according to the global experience. The first hypothesis is that there exists 
a paradox between economic growth and environmental protection [17, p. 250]. The environment pollution can spread from developed 
areas to undeveloped areas via industrial transfer so that it will affect the entire economy. The 
supposed solution to environmental protection 
thereby consists in depressing the speed of economic growth. This suggestion has not actually 
been adopted by local governments in China. 
The second hypothesis is that relation between 
economic growth and environmental degradation presents inverted U curve, which means in 
the stage of economic takeoff, disequilibrium of 
industrial structure, over-industrialization, low 
technical level, over-consumption, and distorted relation between government and market 
may induce environmental degradation, while 
in the long run, environmental protection will 
be stressed as the administration has realized 
what important the environment for sustainable growth is. According to this hypothesis, 
China is standing at the eve of transcending 
the inflexion of the inverted U curve. The third 
one is that economic growth and environmental protection can be integrated [13, p. 70], although it cannot be realized automatically. Under the circumstance of undeveloped technical 
and institutional constraints, environmental 
protection is only deemed as the primary objective of local Chinese governments in unwritten 
commitment so that environmental degradation has not been alleviated yet.

3. Population
In terms of China’s low per capita occu
pancy volume of resources, overpopulation is 
an accomplished fact which gave pressure on 
sustainable economic growth.

On the one hand, gigantic population 

needs to consume much more food, energy, 

Общество


and other resources. Mass consumption induced mass production which caused natural 
resource exhaustion, land degradation, deforestation, and species decreasing [18, p. 201], or 
environmental degradation [3, p. 173]. All of 
these things have more pressure on environmental and ecological systems.

On the other hand, poverty accompanying 

overpopulation has been a woeful scene of China. In the past 30 years, China has done much 
works on poverty reduction. Unfortunately, 
from the perspective of Gini coefficient, the 
situation of relative poverty has been stealthily 
emerging. Together with overpopulation, relative poverty is the biggest potential enemy of 
environment as it can inspire the enthusiasm 
of the public and governments to pursue the 
short-term rather than long-term economic 
goal which harms the sustainability of economic growth.

At the facet of controlling population 

growth, the policy of family planning has 
made much more progress. However, due to 
the gigantic basis of population, population 
growth has endangered the carrying capacity 
of China and restricted the sustainability of 
economic growth.

4. Income Inequality
Since reform and opening up, income gap 

of residents has been widened to such a degree 
that it constrained realization of doubling 
plan by 2020. Dichotomously, considerations 
of equity and inequity should be taken into 
consideration in the widening of income gap. 
The aim of reform of income distribution is to 
reduce and eliminate the factor of inequality. 
However, the existing system of income distribution failed to regulate the income inequality into a reasonable span. The negative consequences consisted of income inequality, such 
as rigid, invisible income increase of employees 
in monopolized industries, and state-owned 
enterprises, caused by the lagging reform of 
system of income distribution are challenging 
the income growth of vulnerable groups.

III. Some Policy Suggestions on How to 

Realize the Doubling Plan

As discussed above, the potential advantag
es of institution and inventory of sustainable 
economic growth in China still exist. However, considering the constraints including 
downfallen mode of economic development, 
deteriorated environment, decreasing bonus 
of population, and increasing income inequality, it is urgent to boost reforms of political, 
economic, and social systems for realizing the 
doubling plan. Generally speaking,

Firstly, China’s administration should pro
ceed to reform its political system under the 
premise of political stability so that the politi
cal system doesn’t constrain the reform of economic and social systems. Although gradual 
reform can decrease the resistance of reform 
via experiment, trial and error approach, improvement, generalization, the shortcomings 
of this pattern are obvious. Since the asynchronous reform with some lagging aspects 
will increase the uncoordinated cost, bonus 
of reform can not be attained [10, p. 4]. The 
exclusive solution is to coordinate reforms of 
political, economic, and social systems so that 
the collaborative effect can emerge.

Secondly, transforming the mode of eco
nomic development should be put in practice by balancing relations among economic 
growth, environmental protection, and political stability. Relying on excessive heavy industrialization, unsustainable resource-based industry, malformed export-oriented economy, 
feeble labor-intensive industry, manic real estate economy in China in the previous three 
decades may make the economy unsustainable. Updating industrial structure, balancing the development of urban and rural areas, 
fostering superseded industries, restructuring the labor-intensive industry, eliminating 
land-based finance will be the orientation of 
reform.

Thirdly, it is high time that governments 

at all levels should take some measures to 
strengthen environmental governance in 
the light of current environment pollution. 
“Treatment after pollution”, “governing while 
polluting” don’t comply with the logic of modern ecological civilization. By referencing to 
the advanced experience of foreign environmental governance, governments at all levels 
should play a dominant role in environmental 
protection. As a matched reform, the government performance evaluation system based on 
GDP must be abolished.

Fourthly, increasing the investment of 

human capital helps to broaden the foundation stone of economic growth. Population is 
a double-edged sword which not only plays a 
salient role in boosting domestic demands but 
also acts as an important power to dilute the 
achievements of economic development. One 
study based on the American data in 19291956 conducted by Schultz suggested that education accounted for 21-40% of national income growth, while 17-33% of income growth 
owed to the increase of educated labor force. 
Another study based on the American data in 
1929-1957 also gained the similar conclusion 
[2, p. 450]. As a matter of fact, it is reasonable 
to pay more for the workers with higher education level and more fruitful experience [12, 
p. 39]. Therefore, increasing investment of 
human capital will translate human resources 

Terra Humana

to human capital which is conducive to social 
productivity serving the sustainable economic 
growth.

Last but not least, reform of income distri
bution should be boosted to release domestic 
demands. Since reform and opening up, emphasizing on efficiency rather than social equity has widened the income gap which made 
resident consumption always stand at low lev
el. Since unilaterally emphasizing efficiency is 
unreasonable, stressing social equity in primary distribution and redistribution should not 
also give up efficiency [6]. Only when social 
equity and efficiency are simultaneously considered, can domestic demands originating 
from residents, enterprises, and governments 
be motivated to encourage the doubling plan 
in terms of quantity and quality.

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1 It is issued by the National Bureau of Statistics of China that the ranks of China’s GDP in the world in 1978, 

1990, 2000, 2005, 2009, 2010 are respectively the 10th, 11th, 6th, 5th, 3rd, 2nd, while the ranks of per capita gross 
national income are respectively the 175th(188), 178th(200), 141st(207), 128th(208), 125th(213), 121st(215).

2 “As revealed by IMF, the resident savings rate in China has been enjoying top rank in the world since 1970s. 

The ratio of resident savings in GNP in 1990s was above 35%, and it reached 51% at the end of 2005, while the 
global average savings rate was only 19.7% at the same time. The gross saving balance has broken through 18 trillion RMB, and the savings rate ranked No.1, savings per capita exceeded 10, 000 Yuan.” Please refer to: [22]

3 “Due to the high consumption rate, service life-span of mineral resources and demonstrated reserves of 

crude oil fluctuate from 29 to 150 years. The shortest is crude oil, only 29 years”, “A Study on Nonrenewable Resources in China”, March 9, 2007, http://www.cnfeol.com/news/internal_summary/20070309/08550015860.aspx.