Семантическая характеристика словарного состава английского языка = Semantic characteristics of the English vocabulary

Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации
ФГБОУ ВО «Московский авиационный институт (национальный исследовательский университет)» Институт иностранных языков




            Н.В. Соловьева



ИСТОЧНИКИ ПОПОЛНЕНИЯ СЛОВАРНОГО СОСТАВА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА


SOURCES OF REPLENISHING THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY



Учебное пособие



Рекомендовано Редакционно-издательским советом Московского авиационного института (национального исследовательского университета) в качестве учебного пособия




Москва Издательство «ФЛИНТА» 2023

УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.432.1

    С60




Рецензенты:
Кафедра индоевропейских яызков
ФГБОУ ВО «Государственный университет просвещения»; канд. филол. наук, доцент кафедры английского языка для приборостроительных специальностей МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана Е.С. Ражева




     Соловьева Н.В.
С60 Источники пополнения словарного состава английского языка. = Sources of replenishing the English vocabulary : учеб. пособие / Н.В. Соловьева. — Москва : ФЛИНТА, 2023. — 176 с. — ISBN 978-5-9765-5393-4. — Текст : электронный.
        В пособии представлены задания, цель которых помочь студентам в практическом овладении основами английской лексикологии, в частности, основами словообразования и фразеообразования. В каждом разделе приводятся тестовые вопросы для контроля усвоения знаний. Приложение содержит перечни словообразовательных элементов с указанием их происхождения, значения и примеров использования.
        Для студентов, обучающихся по направлению подготовки бакалавров 45.03.02 «Лингвистика», и всех интересующихся проблемами слова.

УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.432.1я73




ISBN 978-5-9765-5393-4

            © Соловьева Н.В., 2023
            © Издательство «ФЛИНТА», 2023

        CONTENTS


Preface ....................................................4

WORKSHOP OUTLINES AND PRACTICAL TASKS ......................5
UNIT 1. Types of linguistic units ..........................5
UNIT 2. Word-derivation in modern English .................23
UNIT 3. Word-composition and conversion in modern English .44
UNIT 4. Secondary ways of word-building ...................64
UNIT 5. Word combinations ................................ 83
UNIT 6. Borrowings ...................................... 110

VIDEO TASKS ............................................. 126

GAMES AND COMMUNICATIVE TASKS ........................... 136

APPENDIX .................................................151

REFERENCES .............................................. 171

        Предисловие


   Пособие включает шесть разделов, в которых последовательно рассматриваются источники пополнения словарного состава английского языка: продуктивные способы словообразования, заимствования, процессы фразеообразования. Практические задания, включенные в пособие, позволяют сформировать у студентов навыки морфологического, словообразовательного и компонентного анализа лексики. Значительное внимание уделяется изучению специальной терминологии и работе с лексикографическим ресурсами. Тестовые задания в конце каждого раздела предназначены для оценки уровня усвоения изученного материала. Приложение содержит перечни словообразовательных элементов с указанием их происхождения, значения и примеров использования.
   Отличительная черта заданий, предлагаемых в пособии, заключается в сочетании элементов формального анализа лексических единиц с элементами коммуникативной практики и геймификации, призванными повысить уровень предметных знаний и мотивацию в обучении.

                WORKSHOP OUTLINES AND PRACTICAL TASKS




                UNIT 1. TYPES OF LINGUISTIC UNITS





        Topics for discussion:

1. The definition of a morpheme. Classification of morphemes: bound and free morphemes, lexical and grammatical morphemes, allomorphs. The morphemic analysis of a word.
2. Lexical and grammatical morphemes: roots, suffixes, prefixes, inflexions.
3. Structural types of words: simple, affixed, compound, compound-affixed, compound-shortened.
4. Completeves / combining forms of Latin and Greek origin. Splinters.
5. Immediate constituents’ analysis in morphology.


            KEY TERMS FOR THE UNIT



Match the terms and their definitions with examples¹.

  Term                 Definition                    Example       
morpheme  the process or device of adding      serves from serve,  
          affixes to or changing the shape     sings from sing,    
          of a base to give it a different     harder from hard    
          syntactic function without                               
          changing its form class                                  
allomorph an affix placed before a word,       un- in unkind,      
          base, or another prefix to modify    re- in reinvent,    
          a term’s meaning, as by making       pro- in proabolition
          the term negative, by signalling                         
          repetition, or by indicating support                     

    ¹ The definitions of the terms are cited from Dictionary.com: [сайт]. 2023. URL: Dictionary.com | Meanings & Definitions of English Words

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Окончание таблицы

Term                     Definition                        Example          
root        a morpheme or an entire word         Latin m in accumbo “I lie  
            that is inserted within the body of  down,” as compared         
            another word or element              with accu.bui “I lay down” 
suffix      the formation of compounds or        aircraft from air and      
            derivatives                          craft                      
prefix      any of the minimal grammatical       the, write, or the -ed of  
            units of a language, each            waited                     
            constituting a word or meaningful                               
            part of a word, that cannot be                                  
            divided into smaller independent                                
            grammatical parts                                               
infix       an affix that follows the element    -ly in kindly              
            to which it is added                                            
inflection  a. a morpheme that underlies         a. dance in danced,        
            an inflectional or derivational      dancer, or ten- in         
            paradigm;                            Latin tendere “to stretch”;
            b. such a form reconstructed for a   b.*sed-, the hypothetical  
            parent language                      Proto-Indo-European root   
                                                 meaning “sit”              
derivation  one of the alternate contextually    -s in books and            
            determined phonological shapes       -en in oxen                
            of a morpheme                                                   
composition one of the usually two largest       The ICs of He ate his      
            constituents of a construction       dinner are he and ate      
                                                 his dinner; of ate his     
                                                 dinner are ate and his     
                                                 dinner, etc.               
Immediate   the process or device of adding      service from serve,        
constituent affixes to or changing the shape of  song from sing,            
(IC)        a base, thereby assigning the result hardness from hard         
            to a form class that may undergo                                
            further inflection or participate in                            
            different syntactic constructions                               

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            PRACTICAL TASKS



1. Read the text and mark the statements as True or False.

        WHAT IS A WORD?

    “What is a word? Why even ask this question? A word is a word, what could be simpler? But it’s not as simple as it seems. And it’s something linguists don’t have a fully satisfying answer for.
    The definition of a written word is clear. On the page, a word is a string of letters with whitespace before and after. But how did those spaces get there in the first place?
    Spoken language is a string of sounds without pauses. Somehow, we know that “Jeechet?” which to the ear is a 2-syllable word, is actually four words: “Did you eat yet?” We know that because we know what it means, and we know there are smaller pieces of meaningful sound strings within it that can be swapped out and replaced. In a sense, a word is a minimally sized chunk of sound that has its own meaning and can be swapped out for another. Except that can also be done with chunks that we know aren’t words. We can divide up a word like “mis-treat-ed” into meaning chunks. Each one of those parts is a sound-meaning pairing, but we wouldn’t say they are all words. Maybe we need to add the condition that the swapped part should be able to stand alone, something mis-, -ed, re-, and -ing can’t do.
    So, where does that leave us with words like “AL-ready” or “FOR-ever” or “TO-day”? Their parts can stand alone. They were, in fact, formed out of two words and were once written as two words. But we now view them as unitary words. The sense here is that we view them as unitary words because we view them as unitary concepts and not as composed from parts. “Already” does not mean “all ready” or “fully prepared” but “before this time” much like “breakfast” does not mean “break a fast” but morning meal or even, if you’re at a “Breakfast Anytime” diner at midnight, meal of stuff like eggs and pancakes.


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    But “being a unitary concept” is kind of vague. And it can get us pretty far from what we would probably accept as being a word. “Take with a grain of salt” doesn’t get its meaning from the combination of its parts, but as a whole chunk. Same for “put up with” or “mother of pearl” or any number of phrases that string written words together into a set meaning.
    The issue can be quite different in other languages. Because of sound combination rules, there is no question that words like Unabhangigkeitserklarung or “Declaration of independence” in German are single words. In some languages entire complex sentences end up expressed in single words. In the Australian language Tiwi, one word can express “The sun is shining over there in the morning.” They are words according to the way they are pronounced, but they aren’t really unitary concepts in the way we think of canonical words having.
    The confusion about how to truly define a word does spill over into the written domain. We write “cannot” as one written word, but “must not” and “should not” as two. We write “skyscraper” as one word, but “ice cream” as two. Different style guides can give different advice on whether to hyphenate, separate, or glom together. But this confusion about what a word is only exists when we try to write or otherwise stop to analyze language. It doesn’t affect us at all when we go about our daily speaking lives. In other words, we don’t really need to have a satisfying definition of a word in order to use them”².

1. A word is a simple phenomenon whose definition is clear to any linguist. True / False
2. Although spoken language may seem a string of sounds without pauses, we still understand that there are smaller pieces of meaningful sound strings within it. True / False
3. A word can be divided into small chunks, each of which is meaningful. True / False
4. A word chunk is meaningful if it can stand alone. True / False

    ² What is a Word? // Mental Floss: [сайт]. 2018. URL: http://mentalfloss.com/

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5. A word that includes a few chunks expresses a unitary concept, not a group of concepts expressed by each of the chunks. True / False
6. To use a word in speech correctly, one needs to know its spelling. True / False

        2. Read the following passage about free and bound morphemes in English.

    “Language, like matter, can be broken down from its largest to its smallest components. The five grammatical units of English are sentence, clause, phrase, word, and, the least of them, the morpheme. (An alphabet letter would not be considered a grammatical unit, nor would phonemes and syllables, which pertain to sounds in language.)
    Dictionary.com defines a morpheme as “any of the minimal grammatical units of language, each constituting a word or meaningful part of a word, that cannot be divided into smaller independent grammatical parts, such as ‘the,’ ‘write,’ or the ‘-ed’ of ‘waited.’”³
    Every word in English includes at least one morpheme. A morpheme differs from a word mainly in that it may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is always independent.
    When a morpheme can stand alone with its own meaning, it is a root, or the base to which other morphemes can be added (e.g., dog, cat, house). When a morpheme depends on another morpheme to complete its idea, it is an affix (e.g., -est needs fast to function for the superlative fastest; il- needs logical to help us state something is “not” logical).
    Thus, morphemes are either free (root) or bound (affix). Because it has its own meaning, a free morpheme can serve as a word that does not always require other morphemes. Because a bound morpheme offers only a partial meaning, it cannot service act as a word; it will always have to join a free morpheme to form one. Both prefixes and suffixes are bound morphemes.


    ³ Morpheme // Dictionary.com: [сайт]. 2023. URL: Morpheme Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com

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    Understanding morphemes helps us better recognize how words are formed and frees us to work with linguistic parts more aptly in achieving written precision”⁴.

Divide the following words into their constituent morphemes by placing a plus sign (+) between the morphemes and indicate for each morpheme whether it is bound or free: clear-cut, anti-skidding, mushroom, nationhood, deputise, derailments, predestination, internationalization, uncommon, honorary, provocative, inflectional, capitalization, multimillionaire, telegraphy, transcontinental, uncertainty, disagreement, peacefulness, neighbourhood, vitality, textbook, ex-husband, loanword, letter-box.

        3. Read the passage below and provide your own examples of cranberry morphs.

    Although we have clearly distinguished between two types of morphemes [free and bound], we will now introduce a third type of morpheme: the unique morph.
    Unique morphs violate the clear-cut definition of morphemes in free and bound morphemes. In many ways, they resemble bound morphemes because they cannot meaningfully stand alone but, still, contribute meaning to a word. In laughter, the unique morph -ter might be thought of as being a bound suffix because it works similar to suffixes like -age and -ion. The morpheme cran in cranberry does not carry meaning when in isolation, yet it defines the kind of berry when attached to the root berry. Because this is a popular example of unique morphs, a second term for this type of morpheme is cranberry morph. In addition, cranberry shows another peculiarity of unique morphs. Although cran is not a free morpheme, it is considered as a root because of its similarity to the roots in black


    ⁴ Making sense of morphemes // GrammarBook.com: [сайт]. 2023. URL: Making Sense of Morphemes — The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation (grammarbook.com)

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berry, blueberry, snow-berry or wax-berry. Cran is decisive because it differentiates the (cran)berry from any others.⁵

4.  A number of morphemes in the following passage are italicized. For each, say whether it is bound or free; if bound, whether it is an inflection or a derivational affix.

We are at once the most resilient, most resourceful, most restive, most receptive, most radical, most reactionary people who ever lived. We have had time and tide for everything but those moments of thought necessary to reverse the priorities cause us occasionally to look before leaping.

5.  Segment the following words into morphemes. Identify their structural types (free vs bound) and semantic types (roots vs affixes).

Model: unreliable
The word unreliable falls into three morphemes: un- + reli + -able. Reli- is a root morpheme; un- and -able are affixes.
Reli- is a free morpheme; un- and -able are bound morphemes.
Inwardly, pleasure, reservation, bigger, reconstruction, impolite, moneywise, counterculture, specialize, purify, pre-school, expressionless, befriend, weekly, lengthen, superpower, computerize, suspect, forget-me-not, workaholic.

        6.  Identify the part-of-speech meaning of the itslicized morphemes.
        Model:

writer (the suffix -er is added to the verb stem “write” and it indicates that the derived word is a noun);
enlarge (the prefix en- is added to the adjective stem and it indicates that the derived word is a verb).


    ⁵ Special Realizations of Morphemes: Unique Morphs or Cranberry morphs // General Linguistics: [сайт]. 2023. URL: http://www.ello.uos.de/field.php/ Morphology/Pseudomorphemes

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