Реферирование и аннотирование научных текстов на английском языке

РЕФЕРИРОВАНИЕ И АННОТИРОВАНИЕ 
НАУЧНЫХ ТЕКСТОВ 
НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

З.В. МАНЬКОВСКАЯ

Москва
ИНФРА-М
2023

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

Рекомендовано Учебно-методическим советом ВО 
в качестве учебного пособия для студентов высших учебных заведений, 
обучающихся по техническим направлениям подготовки бакалавриата

УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.2Англ-923я73
 
М24

Маньковская З.В.
М24  
Реферирование и аннотирование научных текстов на английском 
языке : учебное пособие / З.В. Маньковская. — Москва : ИНФРА-М, 
2023. — 144 с. — (Высшее образование: Бакалавриат). — DOI 10.12737/
textbook_5ba3a664886bb7.80885562.

ISBN 978-5-16-014472-6 (print)
ISBN 978-5-16-106987-5 (online)
В пособии содержится большое количество упражнений и проектных 
заданий, благодаря которым учащиеся знакомятся с лингвистическими 
особенностями аннотаций, концептуальных карт, тезисов, рефератов 
и других вторичных источников информации по широкому спектру проблем, 
касающихся современного состояния информационных, космических 
технологий, нанотехнологий, космического мониторинга, новейших 
конструкционных материалов. Поэтапное описание шагов для выполнения 
реферативных заданий и наличие таблиц, в которых суммируются 
особенности научных текстов и требования к их аннотированию и реферированию, 
способствуют развитию практических умений, необходимых для 
представления результатов научно-исследовательской работы обучаемых 
в средствах массовой коммуникации.
Пособие адресовано студентам и аспирантам высших учебных заведений. 
Будет полезно всем, кто занимается научно-исследовательской 
работой и испытывает необходимость в распространении ее результатов 
в мировом научном пространстве через научные журналы, материалы международных 
научных симпозиумов и конференций.

УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.2Англ-923я73

Р е ц е н з е н т ы:
М.А. Пильгун — доктор филологических наук, профессор Департамента 
интегрированных коммуникаций Национального исследовательского 
университета «Высшая школа экономики»;
М.О. Жердева — кандидат филологических наук, доцент, заведующий 
секцией английского языка для приборостроительных специальностей 
Мытищинского филиала Московского государственного 
технического университета имени Н.Э. Баумана

ISBN 978-5-16-014472-6 (print)
ISBN 978-5-16-106987-5 (online)
© Маньковская З.В., 2019

Оглавление

Предисловие  ........................................................................................................  6

PART I. ABSTRACTING AND RENDERING: GENERAL POINTS

Unit 1. Text Compression .....................................................................................  8

Discussion .................................................................................................................................................................  9

Unit 2. Abstract ......................................................................................................  9

What is an Abstract? ............................................................................................................................................   9
Types of Abstracts .............................................................................................................................................   10
Requirements for Abstracts ............................................................................................................................  15
Discussion ..............................................................................................................................................................  15
Practice ....................................................................................................................................................................  16

Unit 3. Mind Maps ...............................................................................................  20

How to Make a Mind Map ...............................................................................................................................  22 
Discussion ..............................................................................................................................................................  23
Practice ....................................................................................................................................................................  23

Unit 4. Extended Abstract ..................................................................................  27

Requirements for Extended Abstracts ........................................................................................................  29 
Discussion ..............................................................................................................................................................  29
Practice ....................................................................................................................................................................  29

Unit 5. Scientifi c Literature Review ...................................................................  32

Requirements for Writing Reviews ...............................................................................................................  33
Discussion ..............................................................................................................................................................  34
Practice ....................................................................................................................................................................  35

Unit 6. Indexing ...................................................................................................  37

Discussion ..............................................................................................................................................................  39
Practice ....................................................................................................................................................................  40

PART II. LINGUISTIC PECULIARITIES OF ABSTRACTING 
AND RENDERING SCIENTIFIC TEXTS

Unit 7. Linguistic Peculiarities of Abstracts ......................................................  43

Illocutionary Force ..............................................................................................................................................  43
Exercises ..................................................................................................................................................................  44
Nominalization .....................................................................................................................................................  46
Exercises ..................................................................................................................................................................  47
Reformulation .......................................................................................................................................................  49
Exercises ..................................................................................................................................................................  50
Generalization (Hypernymy) ...........................................................................................................................  53
Exercises ..................................................................................................................................................................  53

Unit 8. Linguistic Peculiarities of Mind Maps ...................................................  56

Reducing a Sentence to a Noun or a Noun Phrase ...............................................................................  56
Exercises ..................................................................................................................................................................  57

Elementary Verbal Structures .........................................................................................................................  59
Exercises ..................................................................................................................................................................  59
Nuclear Sentences ..............................................................................................................................................  62
Exercises ..................................................................................................................................................................  62
Cause-eff ect Relationships ..............................................................................................................................  64
Exercises ..................................................................................................................................................................  65

Unit 9. Linguistic Peculiarities of Extended Abstracts .....................................  67

Intertextuality .......................................................................................................................................................  67
Exercises ..................................................................................................................................................................  68
Restatement ..........................................................................................................................................................  72
Exercises ..................................................................................................................................................................  72
The Use of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................  75
Exercises ..................................................................................................................................................................  76
Sentence Fusion ..................................................................................................................................................  78
Exercises ..................................................................................................................................................................  78

Unit 10. Linguistic Peculuarities of Scientifi c Literature Reviews ..................  82

Emphasizing Relevant Information ..............................................................................................................  82
Exercises ..................................................................................................................................................................  82
Logical Bridges .....................................................................................................................................................  85
Exercises ..................................................................................................................................................................  85
Reviewer Involvement ......................................................................................................................................  88
Exercises ..................................................................................................................................................................  88
Text Navigation ....................................................................................................................................................  91
Exercises ..................................................................................................................................................................  92

Unit 11. Linguistic Peculiarities of Indexing .....................................................  94

Alphabetization ...................................................................................................................................................  94
Exercises ..................................................................................................................................................................  95
Punctuation ...........................................................................................................................................................  98
Exercises ..................................................................................................................................................................  99
Telegraphic Style ...............................................................................................................................................  100
Exercises ................................................................................................................................................................  101
Annotated Bibliography .................................................................................................................................  102
Exercises ................................................................................................................................................................  103

Project work .......................................................................................................  106

Project 1. Retrieving and Summarizing Information ...........................................................................  106
Project 2. Team Work: Searching for New Information ......................................................................  108
Project 3. Compiling a List of Academic Writings ................................................................................  109
Project 4. Writing an Annotated Bibliography ......................................................................................  110

Grammar fi le .....................................................................................................   110

Abstract Nouns ..................................................................................................................................................  110
Irregular Noun Forms ......................................................................................................................................  112
Noun Suffi  xes ......................................................................................................................................................  113
Adjectives .............................................................................................................................................................  114
Illocutionary Verbs ............................................................................................................................................  116
Passive Voice .......................................................................................................................................................  117

Gerund ..................................................................................................................................................................  118
The Infi nitive .......................................................................................................................................................  120
Construction “V + That” ..................................................................................................................................  121

Appendix ...........................................................................................................   124

Table 1. Types of Abstracts............................................................................................................................  124
Table 2. Types of Mind Maps ........................................................................................................................  125
Table 3. Types of Extended Abstracts .......................................................................................................  126
Table 4. Types of Scientifi c Literature Reviews ......................................................................................  127
Table 5. Expressions for Abstracting..........................................................................................................  127
Table 6. Illocutionary Verbs for Abstracting ...........................................................................................  129
Table 7. Irregular Technical Plurals.............................................................................................................  130
Table 8. Noun and Adjective Suffi  xes........................................................................................................  131
Table 9. Suffi  xes of Abstract Nouns ...........................................................................................................  133
Table 10. Functions of Sentence Adverbials ..........................................................................................  135
Table 11. Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................  137
Table 12. Useful Expressions Showing the Reviewer’s Involvement ............................................  138
Table 13. Requirements for Abstracting ..................................................................................................  139

Bibliography .....................................................................................................   141

Предисловие

В век высоких технологий и накопления больших объемов информации 
на английском языке становится первоочередной задача 
оперативной обработки и оценки этой информации и обмена ею 
в различных сферах жизни общества. Получение доступа к информации 
и экономия времени и усилий на ее обработку обеспечиваются 
за счет сжатия имеющихся информационных источников 
и представления их в виде аннотаций, концептуальных (мен-
тальных) карт, тезисов, рефератов. Навык быстрого извлечения 
информации из многочисленных и разнообразных по форме и со-
держанию публикаций может быть сформирован на уроках англий-
ского языка при помощи настоящего учебного пособия.
Пособие предназначено для обучения реферированию и анно-
тированию научных и научно-технических текстов и адресовано 
студентам второго и третьего курса и аспирантам технических уни-
верситетов, которые уже имеют базовые знания по английскому 
языку.
В простой и доходчивой форме автор знакомит учащихся с об-
щими принципами составления аннотаций, концептуальных карт, 
тезисов и рефератов, не перегружая книгу ненужными деталями 
и лингвистическими подробностями. Лингвистические объяснения 
соотносятся с основной целью — дать обучаемому практические 
навыки создания вторичного текста на основе обработки научной 
информации.
В пособии детально описываются разработанные автором стра-
тегии краткого изложения научных достижений в аннотациях, кон-
цептуальных картах, тезисах и рефератах, такие как: употребление 
иллокутивных глаголов для передачи коммуникативных намерений 
говорящего, номинализация, переформулирование высказывания, 
генерализация (обобщение), выявление причинно-следственных 
связей между описываемыми в тексте явлениями, употребление 
аббревиатур, акцентуация важной информации, логическая орга-
низация текста. Применение данных стратегий может быть продук-
тивным при обучении студентов краткому пересказу текстов техни-
ческой направленности.
Тематика предлагаемых в пособии текстов разнообразна и ак-
туальна: космические технологии, нанотехнологии, информаци-
онные технологии (включая цифровую экономику), космический 
мониторинг, новые конструкционные материалы и др.

В качестве практического материала используются аннотации, 
тезисы и доклады аутентичных научных журналов, материалы меж-
дународных научно-технических конференций, симпозиумов и фо-
румов, реферативные сборники. Взятые из них тексты в учебных 
целях упрощены или сокращены.
Часть лингвистической информации, необходимой для анно-
тирования и реферирования текстов, представлена в таблицах, 
которые можно использовать как справочные материалы и таким 
образом оптимизировать работу с первичной информацией.
Одной из форм самостоятельной работы студентов под руковод-
ством преподавателя являются предлагаемые в пособии проекты, 
которые нацелены на выработку и проверку навыков сбора, обра-
ботки и сжатия информации по теме исследования и подготовки ее 
к публикации.
Важная составляющая пособия — грамматический практикум. 
Он включает упражнения, направленные на отработку граммати-
ческих трудностей, с которыми обучаемый сталкивается в процессе 
работы над аннотированием текстов.
Пособие не претендует на исчерпывающее описание всех осо-
бенностей вторичных текстов и способов сжатия информации. Для 
целей обучения были отобраны только те явления, которые пред-
ставляют наибольшие трудности для студентов и аспирантов тех-
нических вузов.
Настоящее учебное пособие будет полезно студентам техни-
ческих вузов и аспирантам, выполняющим научную работу и гото-
вящимся к защите своих научных проектов.

PART I .

 ABSTRACTING AND RENDERING: 
GENERAL POINTS

Unit 1 . 
TEXT COMPRESSION

Researchers generate a lot of ideas, and they need to share them with 
their colleagues as fast as possible to keep science going. With larger and 
larger amounts of information they need to have ways to store it and 
transmit it making the content immediately accessible to readers. In 
other words, researchers need to encode their ideas in such a way that 
enables them to save time, space, and eff ort to exchange experiences, 
and receive early feedback from the scientifi c community. It means that 
researchers must know how to reduce or shorten texts without losing the 
meaning.
A text can be abridged by means of text compression. The art and 
science of text compression is about fi guring out how to represent the 
same data with fewer words. The diffi  culty of compression is how to 
guarantee that the compressed text is identical to the original one.
Text compression can be as simple as removing all unnecessary 
information or reducing a text by means of linguistic transformations 
based on diff erent kinds of substitution of a simpler form for a more 
complicated one.
There are diff erent forms of text compression used in a scientifi c 
world, such as
 
• abstracts, summaries, synopses;
 
• mind maps;
 
• theses (extended abstracts/conference proposal abstracts);
 
• scientific literature reviews;
 
• indexing,
which refl ect the peculiarities of scientifi c communication and the 
ways of spreading scientifi c information.
Text compression is a result of such linguistic strategies as nomina-
lization, generalization, reformulation and abbreviation.

DISCUSSION

1. What is text compression?
2. What are the diff erent forms of text compression in the realm 
of science?
3. How is text compression performed?

Unit 2 . 
ABSTRACT

WHAT IS AN ABSTRACT?

An abstract is a statement summarizing the most important points 
of a text. It’s a condensed version of a piece of writing, speech, etc. 
It is something that concentrates in itself the most essential properties 
of something more general. The terms “précis” or “synopsis” are 
sometimes used in some publications to refer to the same thing that other 
publications might call “abstract”.
To abstract means to take away, to extract the most important 
data from a set of records, to summarize, to epitomize, to form a general 
idea by abstraction.
An abstract can compress a research article, thesis, monograph, 
review, conference proceeding, or any in-depth analysis of a particular 
subject.
Abstracts can be written for various reasons. The two most important 
ones are selection and indexing. Abstracts allow readers who may be 
interested in a longer document to quickly decide whether it is worth 
their time to read it. Also, many online databases use abstracts to index 
larger works. Therefore, abstracts should contain keywords and phrases 
that allow for easy searching.
It should be noted that there are special limitations, called information 
literacy standards, to abstracting. They are presented by diff erent agencies, 
one of them being the Association of College and Research Libraries 
(ACRL). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3484957/)
An abstract is a self-contained, short, and powerful statement whose 
components may vary according to a scientifi c fi eld. An abstract of a social 
science or scientifi c work may include the scope, purpose, results, and 
contents of the work. An abstract of a humanities work may contain the 
thesis, background, and conclusion of the larger work.
An abstract is an original document rather than an excerpted passage.

Before writing an abstract check with the editor of the journal to which 
you are submitting a paper for details on the appropriate type of abstract 
for your audience.

TYPES OF ABSTRACTS

There are diff erent criteria which give rise to abstract diff erentiation. 
Thus, abstracts can be divided into 7 main types by the purpose, length, 
structure, the degree of exactness, etc.:
 
• descriptive/indicative;
 
• informative/narrative;
 
• critical;
 
• special-purpose;
 
• modular;
 
• a machine-readable-index-abstract;
 
• a telegraphic abstract.

A Descriptive Abstract
A descriptive abstract, also known as a limited abstract or an indicative 
abstract, provides a description of what the paper covers without delving 
into its substance. The descriptive abstract is akin to a table of contents. 
It only outlines the topics covered in the original piece of writing so that 
the reader can decide whether to read the entire document or not. The 
descriptive abstract cannot substitute for the original document. The 
length of the descriptive abstract is 100–120 words.
Let’s look at the sample descriptive abstract from the article “The 
Intuitive Human Interaction to Activate the Wetsuit Heating System”:
The design process to create a wetsuit with heating system is shown 
in this paper. The wetsuit concept was inspired by characteristics 
of amphibians, so a product was proposed that provides freedom and 
adaptability to several environments. An intuitive interface without 
buttons or display based on human body language was created to activate 
the heating system of a wetsuit.
(Retrieved from
HCI International 2016 — Posters’ Extended Abstracts, 18th 
International Conference, HCI International 2016 Toronto, Canada, 
July 17–22, 2016, Proceedings, Part II)

Informative Abstract
An informative abstract, also known as a complete abstract, is 
a compendious summary of a paper’s substance including its background, 
purpose, methodology, results, and conclusions. The informative abstract 
summarizes the paper’s structure, its major topics and key points. 

Informative abstracts may be viewed as standalone documents. It means 
that readers will sometimes rely on the abstract alone for information. 
The length of the informative abstract may be 250 + words.
Informative abstracts typically have the following format:
1. Identifying information (bibliographic citation or other identifi ca-
tion of the document);
2. Concise restatement of the main point, including the initial pro-
blem or other background;
3. Methodology (for experimental work) and key fi ndings;
4. Conclusions.
Let’s look at the sample informative abstract from the article “Using 
RMap to Describe Distributed Works as Linked Data Graphs: Outcomes 
and Preservation Implications”.

Today’s scholarly works can be dynamic, distributed, and complex. 
They can consist of multiple related components (article, dataset, software, 
multimedia, webpage, etc.) that are made available asynchronously, 
assigned a range of identifi ers, and stored in diff erent repositories with 
uneven preservation policies. A lot of progress has been made to simplify 
the process of sharing the components of these new forms of scholarly 
output and to improve the methods of preserving diverse formats. As the 
complexity of scholarly works grows, however, it becomes unlikely that 
all the components will become available at the same time, be accessible 
through a single repository, or even stay in the same state as they were 
at the time of publication. In turn, it also becomes more challenging 
to maintain a comprehensive and current perspective on what the 
complete work consists of and where all of the components can be found. 
It is this challenge that makes it valuable to also capture and preserve 
the map of relationships amongst these distributed resources. The goal 
of the RMap project was to build a prototype service that can capture 
and preserve the maps of relationships found amongst these distributed 
works. The outcomes of the RMap project and its possible applications 
for preservation are described.
Keywords: publishing workfl ows; linked data; data publishing; semantic 
web; RESTful API; digital preservation; scholarly communication; digital 
scholarship.
(Retrieved from
iPRES 2016, 13th International Conference on Digital Preservation // 
Proceedings, Bern, October 3–6, 2016.
URL: https://ipr16.organizers-congress.org/frontend/organizers/media/
iPRES2016/_PDF/IPR16.Proceedings_4_Web_Broschuere_Link.pdf)

As we can see, this abstract includes a short description of the most 
essential notions relevant to the topic and the background leading 
to the understanding of the goal. There is also the indication that the 
information about the results of the study will be found in the article. The 
key words provided after the abstract help the reader identify the topics 
that the article will cover.
Structurally, informative abstracts can be divided into the following 
types:
 
• structured;
 
• unstructured.
In a structured abstract, the required information is organized 
into sections and identifi ed by bolded headings such as Introduction, 
Objectives, Methods, Results and Conclusions/Discussion (the so-
called IMRAD format which was introduced in 1987). This de facto 
standard, that refl ects the process of scientifi c discovery, is commonly 
used as a structure for journal writing and is usually intended for rapid 
comprehension.
Structured abstracts have obvious advantages both for authors and 
readers. They guide authors in precise summarizing the content of their 
projects, facilitate the peer-review process for papers submitted for 
publication, and enhance computerized literature searching.

This is an example of a structured abstract of an article called “Smart 
Space Technology Innovations”, Library Hi Tech, 
vol. 31, iss. 2, pp.197–200.
URL: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/
abs/10.1108/07378831311329004
Purpose
— The purpose of this paper is to introduce the theme issue on “Smart 
space technology innovations”.

Design / Methodology / Approach
— This editorial discusses the innovation concepts and advantages 
of smart space. The technologies of smart space and its application also 
are discussed. The editorial surveys the latest literature and research 
papers submitted to this special issue about smart space and technology 
in Library Hi Tech.

Findings
— Smart space has novel design and implementation perspectives 
for traditional information systems. Smart space depends not only on 
ambient intelligence and context-aware computing techniques, but also 

on overall information architecture. Therefore, smart space innovation 
may have wide implications for academic and practice of library and 
information systems.

Research limitations / Implications
— The paper discusses opportunities and challenges that smart space 
will bring. It discusses the research of the papers submitted to this special 
issue on these topics.

Originality / Value
— The research issues of smart space are occurring at international 
conferences and in journal papers. The focal point on the techniques and 
applications for library and information systems is original and novel.

Keywords: smart space, smart living, information technology, context-
aware, innovation, information systems.
It can’t be denied that the information presented in the way described 
above will take less eff ort to process, and is suitable for fast reading.
In an unstructured abstract, there are no bolded headings. Instead, the 
required information is presented in a paragraph or narrative format and 
headings are stated as part of a sentence. For example,

The purpose of this study was to predict…
The data was analyzed using…
Five essential problems were identifi ed…
The study uncovered the impact of… on…
An unstructured abstract is about 150 words.

Look at the example of the unstructured abstract from the article 
“Human Systems Integration: Process to Help Minimize Human Errors, 
a Systems Engineering Perspective for Human Space Exploration 
Missions” written by Jackelynne Silva-Martinez (Reviews in Human 
Space Exploration, December 2016, vol. 2, iss. 2–4, pp. 8–23).

This review article highlights the importance of human systems 
integration (HSI) in human space exploration. One may think of these 
terms as common sense, some companies even have some regulations in 
place for something that sounds similar. However, there is still some work 
to do in order to fully incorporate the human aspect into our aerospace 
systems, especially today when we are working with а complex and 
multidisciplinary system of systems. For that reason, this article brings 
the concepts that diff erent programs are using and integrates them, to