Металловедение

МЕТАЛЛОВЕДЕНИЕ

В.В. Овчинников

Рекомендовано Федеральным государственным учреждением

«Федеральный институт развития образования» в качестве учебника
для использования в учебном процессе образовательных учреждений,

реализующих программы среднего профессионального образования

УЧЕБНИК

Москва 

ИД «ФОРУМ» — ИНФРА-М

2022

УДК 669(075.32) 
ББК 34.2я723 
 
О35

Овчинников В.В. 

О35  
Металловедение : учебник / В.В. Овчинников. — Москва : ИД 

«ФОРУМ» : ИНФРА-М, 2022. — 320 с. — (Среднее профессиональное 
образование).

ISBN 978-5-8199-0867-9 (ИД «ФОРУМ»)
ISBN 978-5-16-014899-1 (ИНФРА-М, print)
ISBN 978-5-16-101930-6 (ИНФРА-М, online)
Изложены вопросы строения и кристаллизации металлов и их сплавов. Рас
смотрены элементы общей теории металлических сплавов. Показано влияние 
технологических процессов и условий эксплуатации на структуру и свойства металлов и сплавов. Даны основы термической обработки. Приведены основные 
сведения о специальных сталях и сплавах. Подробно рассмотрены особенности 
процессов деформации металлов с позиции дислокационной теории прочности.

Для студентов учреждений среднего профессионального образования.

УДК 669(075.32) 

ББК 34.2я723

Р е ц е н з е н т ы:

Алексеев В.В. — доктор технических наук, заместитель главного метал
лурга ОАО «Российская самолетостроительная корпорация “МИГ”»;

Грушко О.Е. — доктор технических наук, главный научный сотрудник 

Всероссийского научно-исследовательского института авиационных материалов

ISBN 978-5-8199-0867-9 (ИД «ФОРУМ»)
ISBN 978-5-16-014899-1 (ИНФРА-М, print)
ISBN 978-5-16-101930-6 (ИНФРА-М, online)

ФЗ 

№ 436-ФЗ

Издание не подлежит маркировке 
в соответствии с п. 1 ч. 4 ст. 11

ООО «Издательский дом ФОРУМ»

127247, Москва, ул. Софьи Ковалевской, д. 1, стр. 51

E-mail: forum2-book@yandex.ru

Тел.: (495) 280-15-96

ООО «Научно-издательский центр ИНФРА-М»

127214, Москва, ул. Полярная, д. 31В, стр. 1

Тел.: (495) 280-15-96, 280-33-86. Факс: (495) 280-36-29

E-mail: books@infra-m.ru        http://www.infra-m.ru

Подписано в печать 12.01.2022. 

Формат 6090/16. Бумага офсетная. Гарнитура Times. 

Печать цифровая. Усл. печ. л. 20,0. 

ППТ20. Заказ № 00000

ТК 155400-1860848-230614

Отпечатано в типографии ООО «Научно-издательский центр ИНФРА-М»

127214, Москва, ул. Полярная, д. 31В, стр. 1

Тел.: (495) 280-15-96, 280-33-86. Факс: (495) 280-36-29

© Овчинников В.В., 2015
© ИД «ФОРУМ», 2015

ÎÃËÀÂËÅÍÈÅ

o!,“%",. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7

c="= 1. qŠprjŠrpmne qŠpnemhe leŠ`kknb  . . . . . . 10

1.1. j!,“2=,“*,2"!/2=   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.2. j=““,-,*=,  2=%"   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.3. Š,C/ ›=2%…/. “" ƒL   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.4. q2!%…,2=%"   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

1.5. o%,%!-,ƒ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

1.6. `…,ƒ%2!%C,  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1.7. d-*2/ *!,“2=,“*%% “2!%…,  . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

1.8. l=…,2…/C!"!=?…,  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

1.9. j!,“2=,ƒ=,    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

1.10. q2!%…,“,2*= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

1.11. `%!-,ƒ=,  “C="%" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

c="= 2. leŠ`kkh)eqjhe qok`b{  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

2.1. q2!%…,2=,“*,. “C="%" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

2.2. d,=!=/ “%“2% …,  “C="%" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

2.3. d,=!== “%“2% …, , “2!%…,, “"%L“2"=
 
“C="%"  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

2.4. fƒ%3!%,“2/“C="/   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

2.5. b, …,.,,“*,. .…2%" …= “"%L“2"=
 
›ƒ%3!%,“2/. “C="%"   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

2.6. d,=!=/ “%“2% …,  ›ƒ%3!%,“2/.
 
“C="%"  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

c="= 3. qbniqŠb` qok`bnb  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

3.1. j%…“2!3*,%……=  C!%…%“2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

3.2. l.=…,“*,“"%L“2"= , 2%/ ,“C/2=…, 
 
2=%" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

3.3. m=*C , !*!,“2=,ƒ=,    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

n="…,3.4. b, …,"/“%*,. 2C!=23! …= .=…,“*,
“"%L“2"=   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  71

3.5. o%ƒ3“2, ,2…=  C!%…%“2. . . . . . . . . . . . .  73

3.6. p=*“=,  …=C! ›…,L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  75

3.7. Š!,“*=  3“2=%“2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  75

3.8. Š.…%%,“*,, .*“C3=2=,%……/
“"%L“2"= 2=%" , “C="%"  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76

3.9. l2%/ "/ "…,  -*2%" Kƒ !=ƒ!3…, 
 
2=L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  83

c="= 4. )rcrm{   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  88

4.1. j=““,-,*=,  33…%" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  88

4.2. g=",“,%“2›3 .,,“*,“%“2="%,
 
“2!3*23!%L , “"%L“2"=, 33…%" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  89

4.3. a/L 33… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  98

4.4. k,2L…/L “!/L 33… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  99

4.5. j%"*,L 33… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102

4.6. b/“%*%C!%…/L 33…  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105

4.7. qC,=…/33…/  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108

c="= 5. qŠ`kh   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112

5.1. o!"!=?…,  " “2=.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112

5.2. hƒ……,“2!3*23!/ " ƒ=",“,%“2,
 
%2 “%!›=…,  3!%=  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117

5.3. b, …,3!%= …= .=…,“*,“"%L“2"=
 
3!%,“2/. “2=L " !="…%"“…%“%“2% …,,   . . . .118

5.4. b, …,3!%= , C%“2% ……/. C!,“L
 
…= “"%L“2"= “2=L  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119

5.5. k,!3?,.…2/ " “2=.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120

5.5.1. b, …,,!3?,. .…2%"
…= “"%L“2"= “2=, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120

5.5.2. b, …,,!3?,. .…2%"
…= C%,%!-,ƒ›ƒ= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120

5.5.3. b, …,,!3?,. .…2%" …= -!!,2. . .121

5.5.4. j=!K,…=  -=ƒ= " ,!%"=……/. “2=.. . . . . .122

 
n="…,5

5.5.5. b, …,,!3?,. .…2%" …= !=“C==3“2…,2=  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
5.5.6. b, …,,!3?,. .…2%"
…= =!2…“,2…%C!"!=?…,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
5.5.7. b, …,,!3?,. .…2%"
…= !%“2 ƒ!…= =3“2…,2=  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
5.5.8. b, …,,!3?,. .…2%"
…= C!"!=?…,  C!, %2C3“*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
5.6. j=““,-,*=,  “2=L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
5.7. j%…“2!3*,%……/“2=,   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
5.7.1. r!%,“2/“2=, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
5.7.2. m,ƒ*%,!%"=……/*%…“2!3*,%……/“2=, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134
5.7.3. b/“%*%C!%…/,!%"=……/“2=,   . . . . . . .140
5.8. q2=,, 3“2%L,"/* "%ƒL“2",2C!=23!/
 
, "……L “!/  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
5.8.1. b,/ *%!!%ƒ,, 2=%". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
5.8.2. j%!!%ƒ,%……%-“2%L*,, ›=!%“2%L*,“2=, . . .156
5.9. h…“2!3…2=…/“2=, , “C="/   . . . . . . . . . . . . .172

c="= 6. Šeplh)eqj`“ nap`anŠj`  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191

6.1. nK?,C%%›…,  2!,“*%L %K!=K%2*,. . . . . . . .191
6.2. c!=-,* 2!,“*%L %K!=K%2*,  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191
6.3. n“…%"…/",/ 2!,“*%L %K!=K%2*,
 
“2=, , ,=!== “%“2% …, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192
6.4. o!"!=?…,  " “2=, C!, …=!". . . . . . . . . . . . . .193
6.5. p=“C==3“2…,2= C!, %.=›…,,  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197
6.6. l=!2…“,2…%C!"!=?…,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203
6.7. o!"!=?…,C!, …=!"ƒ=*=……%L “2=,. . . . . . .206
6.8. o!=*2,*= 2!,“*%L %K!=K%2*, “2=, . . . . . . . . . .208
6.8.1. o!"=!,2…=  2!,“*=  %K!=K%2*= . . . .208
6.8.2. n2›,, …%!=,ƒ=,  C%3…, 
*%ƒ!…,“2%L “2!3*23!/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208
6.8.3. r3…,%K!=K=2/"=%“2, !ƒ=…,. . . . .209
6.8.4. r3…,%K!=K=2/"=%“2, ="…,. . . .211

n="…,6.8.5. r“2!=……,,*"=,,  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
6.8.6. n2›,“… 2,  "…32!……,. …=C! ›…,L . . .211
6.8.7. g=*=*= “2=,  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
6.8.8. n2C3“* “2=,   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222
6.8.9. Š!,“*=  %K!=K%2*= “"=!…/.
“%,……,L  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224

c="= 7. uhlhjn-Šeplh)eqj`“
 
nap`anŠj` qŠ`kei. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227

7.1. n“…%"…/2%!2,“*,C%%›…,   . . . . . . . . . . . .227
7.2. 0…2=,  “2=,  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236
7.3. `ƒ%2,!%"=…,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241
7.4. 0,=…,!%"=…,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245
7.5. `,2,!%"=…, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246
7.6. u!%,!%"=…,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248
7.7. q,,,!%"=…,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249
7.8. a%!,!%"=…,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250
7.9. q3-,,!%"=…,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251
7.10. q3-%,=…,!%"=…,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252

c="= 8. 0beŠm{e leŠ`kk{ h qok`b{ . . . . . . . . . . .253

8.1. nK?,“"…,  % "2…/. 2==. , “C="=. . . . .253
8.2. l, “C="/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255
8.3. `,…,L , % “C="/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267
8.4. n“…%"…/!›,/ 2!,“*%L %K!=K%2*,
 
(“2=!…, ) *,. “C="%"  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273
8.5. l=…,L , % “C="/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274
8.6. Š,2=… , % “C="/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284
8.7. `…2,-!,*,%……/“C="/. a=KK,2/, C!,C%,   . . . . .293
8.8. Š3%C="*,2=/ , “C="/ …= ,. %“…%". . . . . .297

c="= 9. mnb{e leŠ`kkh)eqjhe l`Šeph`k{. . . . .304
9.1. j%C%ƒ,,%……/=2!,=/  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304
9.2. o%!%*%"/“2=, , “C="/  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311
9.3. qC="/ …= %“…%",…2!2=,%" . . . . . . . . . . . . .316
9.4. `%!-…/, ,*!%*!,“2=,“*,“C="/   . . . . . .317

qC,“%* ,2!=23!/. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320

ÏÐÅÄÈÑËÎÂÈÅ

b“"?“2"= “%“2% 2 ,ƒ .,,“*,. .…2%" ("%%!%, 
*,“%!%, “!=, -%“-%!, ›ƒ%, , !.). q"%L“2"= .,,“*,. .…2%" ƒ=",“ 2 %2 ƒ=! = =2%…/.  !, ,ƒ *%2%!/. %…, 
“%“2% 2. b …=“2% ?"!,ƒ"“2…% 114 .,,“*,. .…2%". 
q%,…  “!3“ !3%!=ƒ,…/, “" ƒ , (,%……%L, .*2!,“*%L, *%"=…2…%L, 2=,“*%L , ›%*3!…%L), 
.,,“*,.…2/ %K!=ƒ32 %*3/ C!%“2/. ,, “%›…/. 
"?“2", " *%2%!/%32 ".%,2%2 "3. % “%2… 2/“ =2%%". 
}2% C!%C!,% “%ƒ=…,"?“2" “ !=ƒ,…/, “"%L“2"=, 
, .=!=*2!,“2,*=,, C%3…,,“*3““2"……/C32=2!,=%", *%2%!/%32 K/2,“C%ƒ%"=…/ " …=3*, 2.…,*.
l=2!,=/ O .2% "?“2"=, C%3……/,ƒ “/!, “3›=?,C!%,ƒ"%“2"= C%3-=K!,*=2%", C!%,ƒ"%“2"……/. , 
“2!%,2…/. 2=L , %2%"/. ,ƒ,L (…=C!,!, 2=/ , 
,. “C="/, *,!C,, !"“,…=, *%›=, C%,!/, K3==, …=23!=…/, .,,“*,"%%*…= , !.). l=2!,=/  "2“  
“2“2"……%L %“…%"%L C!%3*,,. d%“2%,%“2, =2!,=%" 
“%“2="2 40...70 % "“. ƒ=2!=2 …= ,ƒ%2%"…,%2%"/. ,ƒ,L, = ="2%=2,ƒ,!%"=……%% C!%,ƒ"%“2"= %“2,=2 80 %.
l=2!,=%"…,…=ƒ/"=2 C!,*=…3…=3*3 % “2!%…,, 
, “"%L“2"=. 2.…,“*,. =2!,=%", %“…%"…=  ƒ=== *%2%!%L O 
3“2=…%"…,“" ƒ, ›3 ,. “%“2="%, “2!3*23!%L , “"%L“2"=,.
l2=/ %2…%“ 2“  * ,“3 …=,K%!=“C!%“2!=………/. 
=2!,=%", *%2%!/%"* ,“C%ƒ32 %K“C…,  “"%,. 
›,ƒ………/. C%2!K…%“2L. b …=, …, 2!3…% …=L2, 2=*3%K=“2C!%,ƒ"%“2"=, …=3…%-2.…,“*%L 2…%“2, %"*=, % K/2=, 2=/ …,!=, K/ “3?“2"……%L !%,.
),“2/2=/ .=!=*2!,ƒ32“  …,ƒ*,, C!%…%“2…/, 
“"%L“2"=,, C%.2%3 " =,…%“2!%…,, C!,… 2“  ="…/%K!=ƒ%,. “C="/. qC="/  "2“  %“…%"…/, =,…%“2!%,2…/, =2!,==,. m= ,. %C!,.%,2“  C!,!…% 95 % 
%2 "“. =2!,=%", C!,… /. " 2.…,*. h ",,%, .2= %
“%.!=…,2“  ?%%"!.
l2=%"…,O …=3*= % “" ƒ . ›3 “%“2="%, “2!%…,, “"%L“2"=, 2=%", ƒ=*%…%!…%“2 . ,. ,ƒ……,L "“

o!,“%",“2",-,ƒ,*%-.=…,“*,. , !3,. ",%" "%ƒL“2",L, = 2=*›C32 . C%3…,  (C!%,ƒ"%“2"=) 2=%" , “C="%", 33…,  
,. “"%L“2" " . .--*2,"…%“2, ,“C%ƒ%"=…, .
q%"!……%2=%"…,*=* …=3*= …==% “*=/"=2“  
" XIX ". b !=ƒ",2,, 2=%"…,  ",*= !%!3““*,. 3…/.-2=3!%" o.o. `…%“%"=, d.j. )!…%"=, `.`. a=L*%"= , 
m.q. j3!…=*%"=.
r…/L d.j. )!…%" %2*!/*!,2,“*,2C!=23!/ -=ƒ%"/. C!"!=?…,L ›ƒ%3!%,“2/. “C="%", !=ƒ!=K%2=2%!,2!,“*%L %K!=K%2*, “2=L, ,““%"=, =%C,“=…,“2=…%% “,2*=. j!%2%%, )!…%"  ",“  %“…%"%C%%›…,*%2%!,, *!,“2=,ƒ=,, “2=, C!, C!.%,ƒ ›,*%% 
“%“2% …,  " 2"!%. j!,“2=)!…%"= , “%…   "2“  C!2%,““%"=…,  3…/.-2=3!%".
p%““,L“*,L 3…/L-2=3!`.`. a=L*%" !=ƒ!=K%2=2%!,2=3!,“*,. C!%““%" , 2%/ ,““%"=…,  “"%L“2" 
, .,,“*%% “%“2="= 2=%" , “C="%". e% !=K%2/ &b/“%*%*=“2"……=  “2=, .=!=*2!,“2,*=[, &b%““2=…%"…,, 
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à ë à â à  1

ÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÍÎÅ ÑÒÐÎÅÍÈÅ ÌÅÒÀËËÎÂ

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