Лондон : темы, упражнения, диалоги


М.А. ГАЦКЕВИЧ


ЛОНДОН
темы упражнения диалоги









1 j'lYi’UM;!

LONDON
topics exercises dialogues



ИЗДАТЕЛЬСТВО СЗЙСР© Санкт-Петербург 2007

УДК 372.8
ББК 81.2Англ-922
      Г12





















      Гацкевич М. А.
Г12 Лондон: Темы, упражнения, диалоги: Учебное пособие по английскому языку. — СПб.: КАРО, 2007. — 240 с.: ил.

      ISBN 978-5-89815-903-0

         Настоящее учебное пособие представляет собой сборник текстов, рассказывающих об истории и архитектуре Лондона. Тексты снабжены словарями, содержащими наиболее сложные слова. В каждый раздел входят диалоги, способствующие развитию устной разговорной речи, и разнообразные упражнения, выполнение которых помогает лучше усваивать пройденный материал. Благодаря звуковому приложению учащиеся освоят правильное английское произношение.
         Сборник предназначен для учащихся средних общеобразовательных школ и школ с углубленным изучением английского языка, абитуриентов, а также всех изучающих английский язык.


УДК 372
ББК 81.2Англ-922


ISBN 978-5-89815-903-0

© М. А. Гацкевич, 2007
© КАРО, 2007
Все права защищены

                Предисловие





   Данный сборник предназначен для учащихся средних общеобразовательных школ и школ с углубленным изучением английского языка, абитуриентов и всех изучающих английский язык. Также сборник может быть использован как учебное пособие элективного курса по теме «Лондон».
   Пособие представляет собой сборник текстов, рассказывающих об истории Лондона и достопримечательностях этого потрясающего города — мечты всех тех, кто изучает английский язык. Для упрощения работы с текстами они снабжены словарями с наиболее трудными словами. Прочитав и переведя тексты, вы сможете проверить свои знания по данной теме с помощью большого числа вопросов, включенных в каждый раздел. Эти вопросы помогут вам при пересказе, в развитии диалогической речи, а также при составлении собственной экскурсии по Лондону.
   Для простоты усвоения материала разделы включают в себя упражнения, предназначенные для лучшего понимания и запоминания текста. Диалоги и ситуационные игры помогут вам в совершенствовании навыков устной речи.
   Звуковое приложение к пособию, включающее запись текстов, выполненную носителями языка, поможет вам в работе над правильным произношением.
   Главными целями этого сборника является подготовка учащихся к свободной беседе по предложенным темам, обогащение знаний в области истории и архитектуры Лондона, что открывает возможность проведения собственных реальных и виртуальных (игровых) экскурсий по Лондону.

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1. City

2. Tower of London

3. London Bridge

4. St. Paul's Cathedral

5. Westminster Abbey

6. Westminster Cathedral

7. Houses of Parliament

8. Whitehall

9. Trafalgar Square

10. Buckingham Palace

11. Albert Hall

12. Albert Memorial

13. Victoria and Albert Museum

14. National Gallery

15. Tate Gallery

16. Natural History Museum

17. British Museum

18. Covent Garden

19. Soho

20. Hyde Park

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                The History of London




   London history really starts with Onlus Plautius, who was the ruler of Britain under the Emperor Claudius from AD 43 to 50. The Romans settled down to colonizing the city which they called Londinium.
   Londinium was founded at the lowest convenient bridging point of the Thames. There was a way through the marshes from the south to the north side. Two gravel hills stood above the flood plain and gave the firm foothold. The combination of these elements of topography and geology gave the site a military importance in the eyes of the Roman army surveyors; both the Roman government and private traders took advantage of the convenience of the city.
   The Thames was much wider and shallower than it is now. About 50 new roads were built converging on a point across the river from the site of the new settlement. The fledgling city was destroyed soon after, in AD 60 by the revolt of Queen Boudicca and her tribe, the Iceni. At this time London wasn’t yet classified as a full Roman settlement, but was an important center for businessmen.
   The archaeological evidence of recent years shows that there was a basic plan from the beginning for the growth of Londinium.
   By the AD 70s the settlement had expanded and the main public buildings, the basilica and Forum or town hall, were in place on high ground to the east of the Walbrook. By the end of the 1st century other public buildings, the Governor’s Palace, the Amphitheatre and the Roman baths in Cheapside and Upper Thames Street had been added.
   Londinium reached its zenith in the early 2ⁿd century. It saw the visit of the Emperor Hadrian in AD 122 and the building of the fort and rebuilding of most public buildings.


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   At the start of the 4th century, Britain was divided into four smaller provinces and Londinium became the capital of Maxima Caesaresis. The walls of the city were high and strong enough to afford protection against the Saxons. It isn’t known for how long after the mid-5th century the city remained inhabited.
   But it was occupied by the Saxon invaders in the 6th century. In 604, Ethelbert, the first Christian king of Kent, founded St. Paul’s Cathedral. When William the Conqueror arrived in 1066, he built the Tower of London. London Bridge was completed in 1209. It remained the only stone bridge over the Thames for five and a half centuries. In the centre of the bridge was a chapel dedicated to St. Thomas Becket. It was built on 19 arches. There were shops and houses on both sides of its narrow carriage.
   The greatest influence on the development of the city were its twin disasters of the 17th century, the Great Plague of 1665 and the Great Fire of 1666. The plague was brought in by the Norwegian brown rats which came to London in trading ships. There were large numbers of deaths. The disaster reached its height in 1665.
   During the summer of 1666 a long hot spell made matters worse. As is normal in England the dry weather brought a strong easterly wind. A fire was started in a bakery in Pudding Lane near London Bridge on the night of the 2ⁿd of September. It destroyed two thirds of the city.
   A Commission was appointed to plan the rebuilding. Ambitious designs were produced by Wren, John Evelyn and Valentine Knight. All structures were built of brick and stone. During the 18th century a lot of handsome buildings were constructed.
   Now London is one of the most interesting and wonderful cities in the world. Today London is a sprawling, cosmopolitan metropolis, about 1600 square km.

8

  Vocabulary
  add [sd] добавлять
  advantage [ad 'va:ntic^] преимущество
  afford [э "fo:d] позволять себе, быть в состоянии
  ambition [sm bijn] честолюбие, амбиции
  appoint [э "point] определять, назначать
  archaeological [,a:kia "lo^ikal] археологический
  assess [э "ses] дать оценку, оценивать ситуацию
  bakery [ " beikari] булочная
  carriage [ "кжпф] несущее устройство (конструкция)
  chapel [ " tJSpal] часовня
  classify [ "klssifai] классифицировать
  colonizing [ kolanaizip] колонизация
  complete [kam pli:t] заканчивать, завершать
  convenience [kan vi:nians] удобство
  converging [kan " уз:фщ] сходящийся
  dedicate [ dedikeit] посвящать (в честь кого-л.)
  destroy [dist roi] разрушать, уничтожать
  devastation [,deva "steijn] опустошение, разорение
  development [di velapmant] развитие
  disaster [di "za:sta] бедствие
  divide [di "vaid] разделять
  emperor [ empara] император
  evidence [ evidans] данные
  expand [iks psnd] расширяться, увеличивать
  firm [f3:m] твердый, устойчивый
  fledgling [ fle^lip] встающий на ноги, юнец
  flood [fkd] наводнение
  foothold [ futhauld] опорный пункт, плацдарм
  gravel [grsvl] гравий
  growth [grauQ] рост
  handsome [ hsndsAm] красивый
  influence [ influans] влияние
  introduce [intra "dju:s] привносить, представлять
  invader [in veida] захватчик, оккупант
  marsh [ma:J] болото
  matter [ " msta] дело
  narrow [ nsrau] узкий
  persist [pa " sist] удерживаться, сохранять
  plague [pleig] чума
  plain [plein] равнина
  province [ "provins] провинция
  rebuild [ri: "bild] восстанавливать
  remain [ri "mein] оставаться, пребывать в прежнем состоянии revolt [ri " vault] восстание
  settle down приступить

9

settlement [ "setlmont] поселение
shallow [ J’relou ] мелкий
spell [spel] промежуток времени
succumb [so 'клт] стать жертвой, уступить surveyor [so 'veio] землемер, топограф trader [ ' treido] торговец
tribe [traib] племя


I. Answer the questions.
1. When does London history really start?
2. What Emperor ruled the country in those times?
3. When did the Romans settle down to colonizing the city?
4. Who called the city Londinium?
5. Where was Londinium founded?
6. Why was Londinium founded at the lowest point of the Thames? What way lay there?
7. What elements of topography and geology gave the site a military importance in the eyes of the Roman army surveyors?
8. What people took advantage of the convenience of the city?
9. What kind of river was the Thames in those times?
10. Where did the new roads built by the Romans converge?
11. When was Londinium destroyed?
12. What Queen organized the revolt?
13. How was the city classified at this time?
14. What does the archaeological evidence of Londinium of recent years show?
15. What structures had been built by the AD 70s in Londinium?
16. When did Londinium reach its zenith?
17. When did the Emperor Hadrian and his people come to Londinium?
18. When was Britain divided into four smaller provinces?
19. Could the city afford protection against the Saxons?
20. In what century was Londinium occupied by the Saxons invaders?
21. What king founded St. Paul’s Cathedral in 604?
22. When did William the Conqueror arrive in Britain?
23. What well-known tower did William the Conqueror build?
24. When was London Bridge completed?
25. How long did London Bridge remain the only stone bridge over the Thames?
26. What chapel was there in the center of the bridge?
2  7.What structures were there on the bridge?
28  .What two disasters influenced a lot the development of the city?
29  .What was the plague of 1665 brought in by?

10