Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 2013, №4 (16) Апрель

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CONTENT

Российский журнал 
сельскохозяйственных и социальноэкономических наук 

Russian Journal 
of Agricultural and Socio-Economic 
Sciences 
 
 
выпуск 
4(16)
issue 
апрель 
2013
April 
 
 
 

АА.. ААссиимм,, М
М.. М
Мааггббуулл,, СС..АА.. М
Мааннззуурр,,

СС.. М
Мааххммуудд,, АА.. ИИррш
шаадд,, АА.. ААммммаарр 
EFFECT OF SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT AND 
FOLIAR APPLICATION OF GROWTH 
REGULATING HORMONE ON THE FLOWER 
HEAD DEVELOPMENT OF COCKSCOMB 
UNDER THE TROPICAL ARID ENVIRONMENT 
OF SOUTHERN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN 

3
AA.. AAssiim
m,, M
M.. M
Maaqqbbooooll,, SS..AA.. M
Maannzzoooorr,,

SS.. M
Maahhm
moooodd,, AA.. IIrrsshhaadd,, AA.. AAm
mm
maarr 
EFFECT OF SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT AND 
FOLIAR APPLICATION OF GROWTH 
REGULATING HORMONE ON THE FLOWER 
HEAD DEVELOPMENT OF COCKSCOMB 
UNDER THE TROPICAL ARID ENVIRONMENT 
OF SOUTHERN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN 
 
 
 

АА.. ГГллииннууш
шккиинн,, О
О.. ББееллоош
шааппккииннаа,,

СС..АА.. ППллыыггуунн,, НН..АА.. ННииккооллааеевв,, ТТ..АА.. М
Мииш
шееннииннаа,,

ГГ..АА.. М
Мяясснняяннккииннаа,, ВВ..СС.. ЛЛууккъъяяннццеевв,,

СС..АА.. ДДууш
шккиинн,, ЕЕ..НН.. ККааррааммаат
тоовваа,,

АА..СС.. ВВаассииллььеевваа,, НН..АА.. ГГррииггооррььеевваа,,

АА..АА.. ССооллооввыыхх,, АА..АА.. РРааййоовв 
ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ СОРТОВ ОЗИМОЙ 
ПШЕНИЦЫ МИРОВОЙ СЕЛЕКЦИИ 
НА ЮЖНОМ УРАЛЕ 

11
AA.. G
Glliinnuusshhkkiinn,, O
O.. BBeelloosshhaappkkiinnaa,,

SS.. PPllyygguunn,, NN.. NNiikkoollaaeevv,, TT.. M
Miisshheenniinnaa,,

G
G.. M
Myyaassnnyyaannkkiinnaa,, VV.. LLuukkyyaannttsseevv,,

SS.. DDuusshhkkiinn,, EE.. KKaarraam
maattoovvaa,,

AA.. VVaassiillyyeevvaa,, NN.. G
Grriiggoorriieevvaa,,

AA.. SSoolloovvyykkhh,, AA.. RRaayyoovv 
EFFECTIVENESS OF WINTER WHEAT 
VARIETIES OF WORLD SELECTION 
IN SOUTH URAL 
 
 
 

ЛЛ.. ННххооддоо,, СС.. ГГууккууррууммее,, О
О.. М
Мааф
фааннггооййяя 
CONTESTATIONS AND CONFLICTING 
LIFEWORLDS IN CONSERVATION FARMING 
PRACTICES IN ZIMBABWE: 
THE EXPERIENCES OF PEASANT 
SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN CHIVI SOUTH 
DISTRICT IN MASVINGO 

19
LL.. NNhhooddoo,, SS.. G
Guukkuurruum
mee,, O
O.. M
Maaffoonnggooyyaa 
CONTESTATIONS AND CONFLICTING 
LIFEWORLDS IN CONSERVATION FARMING 
PRACTICES IN ZIMBABWE: 
THE EXPERIENCES OF PEASANT 
SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN CHIVI SOUTH 
DISTRICT IN MASVINGO 
 
 
 

О
О.. О
Оййииннббоо,, М
М..АА.. ДДааммииссаа,, ГГ..КК.. РРееккввоот
т 
GROWTH TREND OF RICE DEMAND AND 
SUPPLY IN NIGERIA: AN INVESTMENT 
OPPORTUNITY FOR YOUTH AND WOMEN 
EMPOWERMENT 

31
O
O.. O
Oyyiinnbboo,, M
M..AA.. DDaam
miissaa,, G
G..ZZ.. RReekkwwoott 
GROWTH TREND OF RICE DEMAND AND 
SUPPLY IN NIGERIA: AN INVESTMENT 
OPPORTUNITY FOR YOUTH AND WOMEN 
EMPOWERMENT 
 
 
 

ГГ.. РРаадджжооввиичч,, Ж
Ж.. ББууллаат
тооввиичч 
WATER-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS 
IN NORTHEASTERN MONTENEGRO 

35
G
G.. RRaajjoovviićć,, JJ.. BBuullaattoovviićć 
WATER-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS 
IN NORTHEASTERN MONTENEGRO 
 

 

The AGRIS – International Information System for the Agricultural Sciences and 
Technology (http://agris.fao.org) initiative was set up by the FAO – Food and 
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (http://www.fao.org) in the 70s 
and created a worldwide cooperation for sharing access to agricultural science 
and technology information. Based on available technologies, AGRIS was initially 
collecting bibliographic references for a central database. However, since the 
advent of the Internet in the late 90s AGRIS has become the brand name for a 
network of centres, which are promoting the exchange of agricultural science 
and technology information through the use of common standards and 
methodologies. 
 
The AGRIS open archives and bibliographical databases cover the many aspects 
of agriculture, including forestry, animal husbandry, aquatic sciences and 
fisheries, and human nutrition, extension literature from over 100 participating 
countries. Material includes unique grey literature such as unpublished scientific 
and technical reports, theses, conference papers, government publications, and 
more. 
 
AGRIS today is part of the CIARD (Coherence in Information for Agricultural 
Research for Development) initiative, in which the CGIAR 
(http://www.cgiar.org), Global Forum on Agricultural Research 
(http://www.egfar.org and FAO collaborate to create a community for efficient 
knowledge sharing in agricultural research and development. 
 
CIARD RING – Routemap to Information Nodes and Gateways 
(http://ring.ciard.net) is a global registry of web-based services that give access 
to any kind of information pertaining to agricultural research for development 
(ARD). It is the principal tool created through the CIARD initiative to allow 
information providers to register their services in various categories and so 
facilitate the discovery of sources of agriculture-related information across the 
world. The RING aims to provide an infrastructure to improve the accessibility of 
the outputs of agricultural research and of information relevant to ARD 
management. 
 
AIMS – Agricultural Information Management Standards (http://aims.fao.org)     
is a web portal managed by the FAO. It disseminates standards and good 
practices in information management for the support of the right to food, 
sustainable agriculture and rural development. AIMS underpins CIARD the 
international initiative which seeks to improve information access and coherence 
in and between organizations. AIMS supports the implementation of structured 
and linked information and knowledge by fostering a community of practice 
centered on the themes of interoperability, reusability and cooperation. It shares 
vocabularies, methodologies, tools and services in order to promote coherence 
in agricultural information. 
 
The aim of the DOAJ – Directory of Open Access Journals (http://www.doaj.org) 
is to increase the visibility and ease of use of open access scientific and scholarly 
journals, thereby promoting their increased usage and impact. The DOAJ aims to 
be comprehensive and cover all open access scientific and scholarly journals that 
use a quality control system to guarantee the content. 
 
EPPO – European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization 
(http://www.eppo.int) is an intergovernmental organization responsible for 
European cooperation in plant health. Founded in 1951 by 15 European 
countries, EPPO now has 50 members, covering almost all countries of the 
European and Mediterranean region. Its objectives are to protect plants, to 
develop international strategies against the introduction and spread of 
dangerous pests and to promote safe and effective control methods. 
 
As a Regional Plant Protection Organization, EPPO also participates in global 
discussions on plant health organized by F.A.O. and the International Plant 
Protection Convention Secretariat. Finally, EPPO has produced a large number of 
standards and publications on plant pests, phytosanitary regulations, and plant 
protection products.

Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 4(16) 

3 

EFFECT OF SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT AND FOLIAR APPLICATION 
OF GROWTH REGULATING HORMONE ON THE FLOWER HEAD DEVELOPMENT 
OF COCKSCOMB UNDER THE TROPICAL ARID ENVIRONMENT 
OF SOUTHERN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN 
 
Arslan Asim, Researcher 
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture Science and Technology 
Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan 

 
Dr. Muhammad Maqbool, Syed Amir Manzoor, Researchers 
Department of Forestry and Range Management, Faculty of Forestry, Range Management 
and Wildlife, PMAS – Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan 
 
Seema Mahmood, Researcher 
Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan 
 
Ahsan Irshad, Ali Ammar, Researchers 
Regional Agriculture Research Institute, Bahawalpur, Pakistan 
 
Phone: +92-31-36099702, Fax: +92-61-6564100 
E-mail: arslanasim92@gmail.com 
 
ABSTRACT 
This investigation was carried out at Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture Science and 
Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan (Pakistan). The objective of this study 
was to produce high quality Celosia flower head as cut flower under the harsh environmental 
conditions of southern Punjab by using different plant spacing and different concentrations of 
Gibberellin (GA3). The seedlings were grown by seed and then transplanted in the field in the 
first week of August. Seedlings were irrigated daily and fertilized with 100 ppm NPK solution 
with alternate irrigation before transplanting. Field was well prepared by irrigation and 
spading twice and adding about 1.5 kg Diammonium phosphate (DAP) at the rate of 150 
kg/hectare as phosphorus source, about 2 kg Muriate of Potash (MOP)  at the rate of 200 
kg/hectare as potash source and about 1kg urea at the rate of 100 kg/hectare as nitrogen 
source prior to transplanting. Then, seedlings were transplanted in randomized complete 
block design. There were three levels/concentrations of GA3 (0, 25 and 50 mg/l) and three 
levels of plant spacing (22.50, 30.00 and 37.50 cm) making overall 9 treatments and these 
treatments were tested in 3 replications. The analysis of variance indicated that best results 
were achieved when plant spacing of 37.5cm was used in combination with GA3 application 
(at the rate of 50 mg/l) where significant increase in chlorophyll contents, leaf area and 
number of leaves, fresh and dry weight of stem, flower diameter and fresh and dry weight of 
flower of Celosia cristata were found compared to all other treatments tested. 
 
KEYWORDS 
Celosia cristata; Cockscomb; Flower head; Gibberellin.

Celosia cristata, a member of amaranth family (Amaranthaceae) is an annual crop 

grown usually for landscape purpose. Some of its hybrid cultivars are commercially used as 
cut flowers as well. Celosia is commonly known as “Cockscomb” or "Kalgha" because of its 
resemblance to roosterhead (Wilkinson et al., 2006).C. cristata is known to have a great 
potential being cut flower. Over the years, the demand of high quality celosia cut flower has 
increased manifolds owing to its unique appearance and longer shelf life. Thus, to meet such 
demand, there must be availability of variety of high quality cut flower throughout the year. 
The production of high quality C. cristata flower head in tropical arid regions like those 
of Southern Punjab (Pakistan) has been a considerable problem since the harsh 
environmental conditions pose a significant threat to the appropriate growth and flower head 

Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 4(16) 

4 

development in cockscomb (Edward et al., 1934). In the current study we did experiment with 
a range of plant spacing treatments in combination with foliar application of different 
concentrations of growth regulating hormone to achieve the desired flower head. In fact, 
plant to plant spacing has been recognized as a pivotal factor to the quality of end product in 
all agronomic and horticultural crops. It is possible only through optimum plant to plant 
spacing that maximum and unchecked growth of plants can be achieved. Moreover, it is 
proved that plant growth regulators including gibberellins contribute in different ways towards 
better plant growth. Out of many types of gibberellins, gibberellic acid (GA3) is in active form 
and is extensively used in agriculture. Mainly, it helps in plant growth by cell elongation 
(Brian, 2008). Stem length and flower size are known quality factors for better acceptance by 
the consumers and fetch better price in the market. Hence gibberellic acid is used to achieve 
these parameters. 

Since no significant study has been carried out in the past on cockscomb regarding 

improvement of its production in less favorable climatic conditions, the current study was 
aimed at finding out the most appropriate plant spacing as well as dosage of GA3 application 
on Cockscomb to improve its quality under the harsh tropical arid environment of outher 
Punjab, Pakistan. 

The study therefore aimed at investigating following target areas of Cockscomb field 

production as cut flower: 

– Effect of growth promoter (GA3) on plant growth and flower head quality of Celosia 

cristata in agro-climatic field conditions of Multan; 

– Effect of different plant spacing on plant growth and flower head quality of Celosia 

cristata in agro-climatic field conditions of Multan. 
 
MATERIAL AND METHODS 
 
Site. This study was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture 
Science and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan during the summer 2011. 
Collection of Seed and Raising Seedlings. Hybrid seed (F1) of cockscomb (Celosia 
cristata) was purchased from Pak Seed Co. Lahore, Pakistan. Seeds were sown in pots in 
the first week of July for raising seedlings. Media in pots comprised of well homogenized soil, 
silt and well rotten farm yard manure in ratio 1:1:1. After one week’s time, seedlings were 
shifted from pots to plastic bags which were 3 inches in diameter and 8 inches in length. 
Seedlings were irrigated on daily basis till these were transplanted in the field. 
Field Preparation and Transplanting Seedlings. After three weeks’ time, seedlings were 
transplanted to field when seedlings showed two true leaves. Prior to transplanting, field was 
prepared by irrigation and spading twice and adding about 1.5kg DAP (at the rate of 
150kg/hectare), about 2kg MOP (at the rate of 200kg/hectare) and about 1kg urea (at the 
rate of 100kg/ hectare). 
Experimental Design and Treatments. GA3 and Plant spacing were the two factors in 
this study. There were three levels of GA3 (0, 25, 50 mg/l) and three plant spacing (22.50, 
30.00, 37.50 cm) making overall 9 treatments (T1= 0 mg/L × 22.5 cm, T2= 0 mg/L × 30 cm, T3= 
0 mg/L × 37.5 cm, T4= 25 mg/L × 22.5 cm, T5= 25 mg/L × 30 cm, T6= 25 mg/L × 37.5 cm. T7= 
50 mg/L × 22.5 cm, T8= 50 mg/L × 30 cm, T9= 50 mg/L × 37.5 cm). All treatments were tested 
in 3 replications in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 25 seedlings for each 
treatment unit. 
 
DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 
 
After 90 days, plant responses from all treatments were recorded in terms of leaf 
chlorophyll content, number of leaves per stem, leaf area, stem length, stem fresh weight, 
stem dry weight, flower head area, flower head fresh weight and flower head dry weight. The 
data collected were subjected to statistical analysis as analysis of variance (ANOVA) and 
Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 5% level of significance as given by Steel et al. (1997) 
using MSTAT-C, computer software (Bricker, 1991). 

Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio

Effect On Chlorophyll Content

content of 83.54 was achieved 
treated with 50mg/L GA3 and this treatment
treatments. Minimum chlorophyll content was reported to be 53.96 
GA3 application. In fact, Gibberellins
growth and increased leaf area which in turn yielded higher number of chlorophyll content 
has been possible due to ample space available for the plant growth plus the application of 
50mg/L GA3. Similar results were obtained 

Figure 1 – Effect of different plant spacing and GA
 
Leaf Area (cm2). Maximum leaf area of 154.34 cm

spaced 37.5 cm apart and treated with 50mg/L of GA
from all other treatments. The minimum leaf area of 134.85 cm
plant spacing when no GA3 was applied (T
light thus causing higher levels of carbohydrates to be fixed in plant. Hence this spacing, in 
combination with GA3 (50mg/L) plays a significant role in the growth and development of 
Cockscomb and ultimately co
are in accordance with the findings of Akinfasoye
(2011) in Amaranthus; Chandrappa
gladiolus and Khan et al. (2003) in Dahlia.
 

Figure 2 – Effect of different plant spacing and GA

Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 4

5 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
 

Effect On Chlorophyll Content. Statistical analysis indicates that maximum chlorophyll 

content of 83.54 was achieved in treatment T9when plants were spaced at 37.5cm apart and 

and this treatment was significantly different from all other 

inimum chlorophyll content was reported to be 53.96 in treatment T

Gibberellins plays a crucial role in cell elongation of 

rea which in turn yielded higher number of chlorophyll content 

has been possible due to ample space available for the plant growth plus the application of 

imilar results were obtained in Lily (Emami et al., 2011). 
 

 

different plant spacing and GA3 concentrations on chlorophyll content

Maximum leaf area of 154.34 cm2 was achieved when plants were 

spaced 37.5 cm apart and treated with 50mg/L of GA3 (T9) and it was significantly different 

The minimum leaf area of 134.85 cm2 was produced with 22.5 cm 

was applied (T1). Greater leaf area allows maximum exposure to 

light thus causing higher levels of carbohydrates to be fixed in plant. Hence this spacing, in 

(50mg/L) plays a significant role in the growth and development of 

Cockscomb and ultimately contributes to quality production of flower heads. These findings 
are in accordance with the findings of Akinfasoye et al., (2008) in Celosia; Yarnia
(2011) in Amaranthus; Chandrappa et al. (2006) in Anthurium; Peanav

(2003) in Dahlia.

Effect of different plant spacing and GA3 concentrations on leaf area

Standard Error=2.83

4(16) 

Statistical analysis indicates that maximum chlorophyll 

when plants were spaced at 37.5cm apart and 

was significantly different from all other 

in treatment T9with no 

crucial role in cell elongation of plants. Better 

rea which in turn yielded higher number of chlorophyll content 

has been possible due to ample space available for the plant growth plus the application of 

concentrations on chlorophyll content

was achieved when plants were 
) and it was significantly different 

was produced with 22.5 cm 

Greater leaf area allows maximum exposure to 

light thus causing higher levels of carbohydrates to be fixed in plant. Hence this spacing, in 

(50mg/L) plays a significant role in the growth and development of 

ntributes to quality production of flower heads. These findings 

., (2008) in Celosia; Yarniaet al., 

(2006) in Anthurium; Peanav et al., (2005) in 

 

concentrations on leaf area

Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio

Stem Length (cm). Study has revealed that maximum stem length of 69.30 cm and 

65.5 cm was achieved with the application of 50mg/L GA
30.0 cm (T9 andT8 respectively), though these were statistically different from one another. 
On the other extreme, minimum stem length of 51.77 cm was achieved when plants did not 
receive any GA3 treatment and were planted at a
from the data that plant spacing and 
cristataas cut flower. It seems that 37.5cm plant spacing is ideal for better growth where 
these plants grow without any competition with neighboring plants. 
cell elongation and this concentration of (50mg/L) is the most suitable dose for getting 
appropriate stem length that is well accountable in cut flower production. Similar studies were 
done on Marigold by Kishan
gladiolus (Bhattacharjee, 1984; 
2005), tuberose (Khalajet al., 2012 ; Mane 
al.,(2005). 

Figure 3 – Effect of different plant spacing and GA

Fresh weight of Stem (g)

(742.99g) was achieved when plant spacing 37.5cm was used
GA3 (T9). This treatment was followed by combination of 30 cm plant spacing and application 
of 50mg/L GA3 (T8) which produced stem fresh weight of 731.86 g. Minimum stem fresh 
weight was produced when plant spacing of 22.5cm and
respectively) without any GA3
plants during development. It seems that this treatment combination (T
to establish more number of roots which ultim
content. These findings are comparable to the results of Yarnia
kazaz et al., (2011) in Carnation and Emami

Figure 4 – Effect of different plant spacing and GA

Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 4

6 

Study has revealed that maximum stem length of 69.30 cm and 

65.5 cm was achieved with the application of 50mg/L GA3 with plant spacing of 37.5 cm and 

respectively), though these were statistically different from one another. 

On the other extreme, minimum stem length of 51.77 cm was achieved when plants did not 

treatment and were planted at a distance of 22.5cm apart (T

from the data that plant spacing and GA3 play a vital role in quality production of 

as cut flower. It seems that 37.5cm plant spacing is ideal for better growth where 

ny competition with neighboring plants. GA3 is also well known for 

cell elongation and this concentration of (50mg/L) is the most suitable dose for getting 
appropriate stem length that is well accountable in cut flower production. Similar studies were 

et la., (2007); on Anthurium by Chandrappa

olus (Bhattacharjee, 1984; Bhushan et al.,2006 ;Roychowdhury., 1987 ; 

., 2012 ; Mane et al., 2006) and on Black Iris 

Effect of different plant spacing and GA3 concentrations on stem length

Fresh weight of Stem (g). This study shows that the maximum fresh weight of stem 

(742.99g) was achieved when plant spacing 37.5cm was used with application of 50mg/L 

). This treatment was followed by combination of 30 cm plant spacing and application 

) which produced stem fresh weight of 731.86 g. Minimum stem fresh 

weight was produced when plant spacing of 22.5cm and 30cm was used (T

3 application. Fresh weight basically is due to water uptake of 

plants during development. It seems that this treatment combination (T9) has helped the plant 
to establish more number of roots which ultimately helped the plant in updating greater water 
content. These findings are comparable to the results of Yarnia et al., (2011) in Amaranth; 

, (2011) in Carnation and Emami et al., (2011) in Lilium longiflorium

different plant spacing and GA3 concentrations on fresh weight of stem

4(16) 

Study has revealed that maximum stem length of 69.30 cm and 

plant spacing of 37.5 cm and 

respectively), though these were statistically different from one another. 

On the other extreme, minimum stem length of 51.77 cm was achieved when plants did not 

distance of 22.5cm apart (T1). It is evident 

play a vital role in quality production of celosia 

as cut flower. It seems that 37.5cm plant spacing is ideal for better growth where 

is also well known for 

cell elongation and this concentration of (50mg/L) is the most suitable dose for getting 
appropriate stem length that is well accountable in cut flower production. Similar studies were 

on Anthurium by Chandrappa et al., (2006); on 

Roychowdhury., 1987 ; Peanavet al., 

(Al-Khassawneh et 

 

concentrations on stem length

This study shows that the maximum fresh weight of stem 

with application of 50mg/L 

). This treatment was followed by combination of 30 cm plant spacing and application 

) which produced stem fresh weight of 731.86 g. Minimum stem fresh 

30cm was used (T1 andT2 

application. Fresh weight basically is due to water uptake of 

) has helped the plant 

ately helped the plant in updating greater water 

., (2011) in Amaranth; 

longiflorium. 

 

concentrations on fresh weight of stem

Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio

Dry Weight of Stem (g)

(56.44g) was achieved when plant spacing of 37.5 cm was used and 50mg/L GA
applied (T9). Minimum stem dry weight of 39.36 g was achieved when plant spacing of 22.5 
cm was used without GA3 application (T
on the photosynthetic efficiency of plants. Leaves play a vital role in manufacturing plant food
in the presence of optimum daylight. It is clear from the data that more number of leaves and 
maximum leaf area is produced by the same treatment combination. Hence, this treatment 
combination in the presence of optimum light produced maximum dry matter i
cristata stem. Kazaz et al., (2011) found variable results in stem dry matter of different 
cultivars of Carnation. Ali et al
corm dry weight in Gladiolus with nitrogen and GA

Figure 5 – Effect of different plant spacing and GA

 
Flower size (cm2). It is apparent from the data that maximum but statistically 

insignificant flower sizes of 38.21cm
spacing of 37.5 cm, 30 cm, and 22.5cm were used respectively and were treated with 
50mg/L GA3 (T9, T8 and T7 respectively). Minimum flower size of 18.36 cm2 was achieved 
when plant spacing of 22.5cm was used without any GA
that GA3 application plays its role in the production of maximum flower size. Gibberellins are 
well known for cell enlargement of plants growth and development. 
stem length and total yield/m
diameter, stem weight and flower diameter per plant decreased in Standard Carnations
(Kazaz et al., 2011). The variation in different vegetative and flower parameters may be due 
to the different growth requiremen
 

Figure 6 – Effect of different plant spacing and GA

Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 4

7 

Dry Weight of Stem (g). It is evident from the data that maximum dry weight of stem 

(56.44g) was achieved when plant spacing of 37.5 cm was used and 50mg/L GA

stem dry weight of 39.36 g was achieved when plant spacing of 22.5 

application (T1). In fact, dry weight of plants is always dependent 

on the photosynthetic efficiency of plants. Leaves play a vital role in manufacturing plant food
in the presence of optimum daylight. It is clear from the data that more number of leaves and 
maximum leaf area is produced by the same treatment combination. Hence, this treatment 
combination in the presence of optimum light produced maximum dry matter i

., (2011) found variable results in stem dry matter of different 
et al., (2006) found significant increase in shoot dry weight and 

corm dry weight in Gladiolus with nitrogen and GA3 treatment. 
 

 

Effect of different plant spacing and GA3 concentrations on dry weight of stem

It is apparent from the data that maximum but statistically 

insignificant flower sizes of 38.21cm2, 36.20 cm2 and 34.57cm2 were achieved when plant 
spacing of 37.5 cm, 30 cm, and 22.5cm were used respectively and were treated with 

respectively). Minimum flower size of 18.36 cm2 was achieved 

when plant spacing of 22.5cm was used without any GA3 application (T

application plays its role in the production of maximum flower size. Gibberellins are 

well known for cell enlargement of plants growth and development. It is also 
stem length and total yield/m2 increased by increasing plant densities, whereas stem 
diameter, stem weight and flower diameter per plant decreased in Standard Carnations

. The variation in different vegetative and flower parameters may be due 

to the different growth requirement of Celosia cristata and Carnation for spacing.

Effect of different plant spacing and GA3 concentrations on flower size

4(16) 

It is evident from the data that maximum dry weight of stem 

(56.44g) was achieved when plant spacing of 37.5 cm was used and 50mg/L GA3 was 

stem dry weight of 39.36 g was achieved when plant spacing of 22.5 

). In fact, dry weight of plants is always dependent 

on the photosynthetic efficiency of plants. Leaves play a vital role in manufacturing plant food
in the presence of optimum daylight. It is clear from the data that more number of leaves and 
maximum leaf area is produced by the same treatment combination. Hence, this treatment 
combination in the presence of optimum light produced maximum dry matter in the Celosia 

., (2011) found variable results in stem dry matter of different 

crease in shoot dry weight and 

concentrations on dry weight of stem

It is apparent from the data that maximum but statistically 

were achieved when plant 

spacing of 37.5 cm, 30 cm, and 22.5cm were used respectively and were treated with 

respectively). Minimum flower size of 18.36 cm2 was achieved 

ation (T1). This result tells 

application plays its role in the production of maximum flower size. Gibberellins are 

It is also reported that 

by increasing plant densities, whereas stem 

diameter, stem weight and flower diameter per plant decreased in Standard Carnations

. The variation in different vegetative and flower parameters may be due 

and Carnation for spacing.

concentrations on flower size

Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio

Flower Fresh Weight (g)

seedling were planted 37.5cm apart and 
flower fresh weight of 6.08g which was achieved when plant spacing of 22.5cm was used 
without GA3 application (T1). It seems that plant spacing of 37.5 cm or 30 cm in combination 
with GA3 at the rate of 50mg/l ma
may be helpful in uptake of more water by the plants. Hence, uptake of more water by the 
roots may be responsible for better fresh flower weight in 
comparable to the findings of 
single flower in African marigold (Tagetserecta Linn.) cv. PusaNarangiGainda with the 
application of GA3 at the rate of 300 ppm. Increase in fresh weight of flower stalk due to the 
application of GA3 has already been reported in carnation (Verma
Khassawneh et al., 2006). 

Figure 7 – Effect of different plant spacing and GA

 
Flower Dry Weight (g). 

2.92 g was achieved when plants were spaced at 37.5 cm apart and were treated with 
50mg/L GA3 (T9) and was statistically highly 
The minimum flower dry weight of 0.69 g was produced when plant spacing of 22.5 cm was 
used with no GA3 application (T
growth and plant may have better share of food nutrients as compared to other treatments. 
On the other hand,  GA3 also causes an increase in leaf area and number of leaves in this 
treatment which ultimately may have influenced in the production of more photosynthates 
which may have translocated to flower head and accumulated as dry matter.

Figure 7 – Effect of different plant spacing and GA

Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 4

8 

Flower Fresh Weight (g). Maximum flower fresh weight of 21.74g was achieved when 

seedling were planted 37.5cm apart and 50mg/L GA3 was applied (T9) against minimum 
flower fresh weight of 6.08g which was achieved when plant spacing of 22.5cm was used 

). It seems that plant spacing of 37.5 cm or 30 cm in combination 

at the rate of 50mg/l may help to develop more number of plant roots and these 

may be helpful in uptake of more water by the plants. Hence, uptake of more water by the 
roots may be responsible for better fresh flower weight in Celosia cristata

indings of Kishan et al. (2007) who reported maximum fresh weight of 

single flower in African marigold (Tagetserecta Linn.) cv. PusaNarangiGainda with the 

at the rate of 300 ppm. Increase in fresh weight of flower stalk due to the 
has already been reported in carnation (Verma et al., 2000) and iris (Al

Effect of different plant spacing and GA3 concentrations on fresh weight of flower

It is evident from results that maximum flower dry weight of  

2.92 g was achieved when plants were spaced at 37.5 cm apart and were treated with 

) and was statistically highly significant than all other treatments and control. 

The minimum flower dry weight of 0.69 g was produced when plant spacing of 22.5 cm was 

application (T1). Plant spacing may provide optimum space for better plant 

better share of food nutrients as compared to other treatments. 

also causes an increase in leaf area and number of leaves in this 

treatment which ultimately may have influenced in the production of more photosynthates 

translocated to flower head and accumulated as dry matter.

Effect of different plant spacing and GA3 concentrations on fresh weight of flower

4(16) 

Maximum flower fresh weight of 21.74g was achieved when 

) against minimum 

flower fresh weight of 6.08g which was achieved when plant spacing of 22.5cm was used 

). It seems that plant spacing of 37.5 cm or 30 cm in combination 

y help to develop more number of plant roots and these 

may be helpful in uptake of more water by the plants. Hence, uptake of more water by the 

Celosia cristata. The results are 

(2007) who reported maximum fresh weight of 

single flower in African marigold (Tagetserecta Linn.) cv. PusaNarangiGainda with the 

at the rate of 300 ppm. Increase in fresh weight of flower stalk due to the 

., 2000) and iris (Al
 

concentrations on fresh weight of flower

It is evident from results that maximum flower dry weight of  

2.92 g was achieved when plants were spaced at 37.5 cm apart and were treated with 

significant than all other treatments and control. 

The minimum flower dry weight of 0.69 g was produced when plant spacing of 22.5 cm was 

). Plant spacing may provide optimum space for better plant 

better share of food nutrients as compared to other treatments. 

also causes an increase in leaf area and number of leaves in this 

treatment which ultimately may have influenced in the production of more photosynthates 

translocated to flower head and accumulated as dry matter.

concentrations on fresh weight of flower

Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 4(16) 

9 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
 
The authors acknowledge the technical assistance and guidance received from                
Dr. Akbar Anjum and Dr. Shakeel Ahmad, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, 
Bahaudin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan. The staff at the department of horticulture, 
FAST, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan is also appreciated for its cooperation during 
the laboratory analyses. 
 
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