Жизнь. Анатомия поиска устройства

УДК 001.8 
ББК 87.254 
        П30 

Петренко, В. М.

П30  
Жизнь. Анатомия поиска устройства : монография / 
В. М. Петренко. — Москва ; Берлин : Директ-Медиа, 
2020. — 140 с. : ил. 

ISBN 978-5-4499-0445-4 

Книга посвящена всегда чрезвычайно актуальной, но неразработанной 
в литературе до сих пор проблеме вступления человека в огромный мир 
Науки — исторически сложившуюся, непрерывно развивающуюся систему 
знаний о закономерностях в развитии природы, общества и мышления и 
способах планомерного воздействия на окружающий мир. Как устроен этот 
процесс? Как устроена жизнь? Ведь вступающий в мир Науки человек — сам 
часть жизни, которую намерен изучать и которую может изменить. Путь 
тернистый, но интересный, увлекательный, что возмещает неудобства и возможную 
горечь неизбежных потерь. Автор книги предлагает читателю свои 
размышления по этому поводу, основанные на собственном опыте поиска 
возможных ответов на поставленные вопросы. В книге обобщены материалы 
основных публикаций автора, список которых представлен и который может 
быть использован при необходимости более подробного ознакомления с 
заинтересовавшими материалами. 
Текст приводится в авторской редакции. 

УДК 001.8  
ББК 87.254 

ISBN 978-5-4499-0445-4     © Петренко В. М., текст, 2020 

© Издательство «Директ-Медиа», оформление, 2020 

 
 
 
 
Valeriy M. Petrenko 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

LIFE 

Anatomy of a search device 

 
Monograph 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
Moscow 
Berlin 
2020 

UDC (Russia) 
LBC (Russia) 
P30 

 

 

 

 

 

Petrenko Valeriy M. 
P30 
 
Life. Anatomy of a search device : monograph / 
Petrenko Valeriy M. — Moscow ; Berlin : Direct-Media, 
2020. — 140 pp. 

ISBN 978-5-4499-0445-4 

The book is devoted to always extremely relevant, but undeveloped in the lit-
erature so far the problem of human entry into the vast world of Science-a histori-
cally developed, continuously developing system of knowledge about the laws in the 
development of nature, society and thinking and ways of systematic impact on the 
world. How does this process work? How does life work? After all, the person en-
tering the world of Science is himself a part of life, which he intends to study and 
which he can change. The path is thorny, but interesting, fascinating, which com-
pensates for the inconvenience and possible bitterness of inevitable losses. The au-
thor of the book offers the reader his thoughts on this issue, based on his own 
experience of finding possible answers to the questions posed. The book summariz-
es the materials of the main publications of the author, a list of which is presented 
and which can be used if you need a more detailed acquaintance with the materials 
of interest. 
The text is printed in the author’s edition. 
 

UDC (Russia) 
LBC (Russia) 

 

ISBN 978-5-4499-0445-4
© Petrenko Valeriy, text, 2020
© Publishing house Direct-Media, design, 2020

 

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ 

Введение ................................................................................................................. 9 

Механика дегенерации мезонефросов в эмбриогенезе .......................... 12 

Спирализация в построении и развитии биосистем .............................. 14 

О происхождении врожденной внутренней непроходимости 
двенадцатиперстной кишки человека и ее профилактика .................... 23 

Взаимодействие органов с неравномерным ростом 
и объемом в основе органогенеза ................................................................. 24 

Эмбриональное развитие нижней полой вены ........................................ 30 

Рекомбинаторный морфогенез лимфатической системы 
в пренатальном онтогенезе человека ........................................................... 31 

Дифференцирующий фактор в закладке 
лимфатического русла ..................................................................................... 32 

Многоуровневая сегментарная организация 
лимфатического русла ..................................................................................... 33 

Сегментарная организация лимфатической системы ............................. 35 

Начальные стадии развития капсулы 
лимфатического узла человека...................................................................... 42 

Структурные основы активного лимфотока 
в грудном протоке у плода человека ............................................................ 48 

Неравномерный рост и гистогенез грудного протока ............................ 55 

Морфологические основы комбинированных сокращений 
соседних лимфангионов в грудном протоке собаки............................... 56 

Сердце пчелы в качестве прототипа лимфатического сосуда .............. 61 

Сравнительная анатомия висцеральных лимфатических узлов 
брюшной полости некоторых грызунов .................................................... 62 

Висцеральные лимфатические узлы в брюшной полости дегу ........... 70 

Сегментарное устройство как конституция 
лимфатической системы ................................................................................. 73 

Типы строения лимфатической системы ................................................... 81 

5 

Конвергенция лимфатической и лимфоидной систем 
в эволюции позвоночных ............................................................................... 86 

Анатомические основы современной лимфологии ................................ 87 

Трансмуральная миграция лимфоцитов из специальных 
микрососудов в маргинальных зонах пульпы селезенки 
белых крыс .......................................................................................................... 92 

Структурно-функциональные основы иммунитета: 
циркуляция в живом организме .................................................................... 97 

Органогенез: механика развития ................................................................. 108 

Корпоральные сегменты человека .............................................................. 112 

Древовидный рост и сегментация тела 
развивающегося организма .......................................................................... 117 

О механике воздействия инфразвука на живой организм ................... 118 

О молекулярных и структурных основах организации жизни ........... 128 

Общее заключение ......................................................................................... 133 

Список публикаций автора, использованных в книге .......................... 134 

6 

CONTENT 

Introduction ............................................................................................................ 9 

Mechanics of degeneration of mesonephroses in embryogenesis ............... 12 

Spiralization in the construction and development of bio-systems ............ 14 

About origin of congenital internal occlusion in human 
duodenum and its prevention ........................................................................... 23 

Interactions of organs with uneven growth and volume 
in the base of organogenesis .............................................................................. 24 

Embryonic development of inferior vena cava .............................................. 30 

Recombinatory morphogenesis of lymphatic system in prenetal 
ontogenesis of human ........................................................................................ 31 

Differential factor in anlage of lymphatic bed ................................................ 32 

Multi-level segmentary organization of the lymphatic bed ........................... 33 

Segmental organization of lymphatic system .................................................. 35 

The initial stages of development of lymph node capsule 
in human ............................................................................................................... 42 

The structural bases of active lymph flow in human foetus 
thorasic duct ......................................................................................................... 48 

Uneven growth and gistogenesis of thoracic duct ......................................... 55 

Morfological bases of combined contractions of neighbouring 
lymphangions in the dog thoracic duct ............................................................ 56 

The bee’s cor as the lymphatic vessel prototype ............................................ 61 

Сomparative anatomy of visceral lymph nodes in abdominal cavity 
of some rodents  .................................................................................................. 62 

Visceral lymph nodes in abdominal cavity of degus ...................................... 70 

Segmentary construction as constitution of lymphatic system .................... 73 

Types of constitution of lymphatic system ..................................................... 81 

Convergation of lymphatic and lymphoid systems 
in vertebrate evolution ........................................................................................ 86 

7 

Anatomical bases of modern lymphology ....................................................... 87 

Transmural migration of lymphocyties from special microvessels 
into marginal zones of splenic pulp in white rat ............................................ 92 

Structural and functional foundations of immunity: 
the circulation in living organism ...................................................................... 97 

Organogenesis: mechanics of development .................................................. 108 

Human сorporal segments ............................................................................... 112 

Tree-form growth and segmentaion of body of developing 
organism.............................................................................................................. 117 

About mechanics of influence of infrasound on living organism ............. 118 

About molecular and structural bases of life organization ......................... 128 

General conclusion ........................................................................................... 133 

List of publications of the author used in the book .................................... 134 

 
 

8 

INTRODUCTION 

At the heart of my great desire for scientific research has always been 
and remains the desire not just to know the interesting, mysterious in the 
world, and to understand the essence of the phenomena, their mechanism. 
That's one of the reasons I ended up at the Department of human anato-
my. But the main thing-thanks to the passion for embryology: in the first 
two months of human embryogenesis, the development of its organs oc-
curs so quickly that the pictures observed by the researcher change with 
the speed of a kaleidoscope and much has to be thought out, explained 
and justified for himself, and then — to the listeners and readers, which is 
not always easy. In order to understand the structure of the living world, 
I conducted various scientific studies, which can be divided into stages: 

stage I — “the Development of the duodenum and its lymphatic bed 
in the prenatal period of human ontogenesis”: this is the theme of my PhD 
dissertation. The analysis of the obtained data on the development of the 
form, topography and structure of the wall, the vascular bed of the duode-
num in their connection allowed me to formulate the original concept of 
its innate obstruction of the internal type, as well as to solve a number of 
other scientific issues, in particular — new to introduce the mechanics of 
the laying of the lymphatic vessels and nodes;  

stage II — “Development of the thoracic duct and its roots with the 
adjacent lymph nodes in the postnatal ontogeny of man”: it is the subject 
of my doctoral dissertation. I first explained the formation of definitive 
variants of the structure and topography of the thoracic duct and its roots 
in connection with the adjacent lymph nodes and organogenesis, with the 
development of secondary junctions of the peritoneum. To clarify the 
origin of the thoracic duct and its roots, I studied the development of the 
venous system, first described mezocardinal veins and their origin, showed 
the supracardinal origin of the ascending lumbar veins and the develop-
ment of “postrenal” division of the trunk of the inferior vena cava from 
the lower right mezocardinal vein. I first described the development of 
lumbar trunks in the fetal human life, the origin of mezocardinal veins. 
The results of the study allowed me to explain for the first time the me-
chanics of the development of embryonic lymphatic collectors from veins. 
I first described the initial stages of development of the thoracic duct, 
lumbar and intestinal trunks in the embryogenesis of white rats and also 

9 

in connection with organogenesis, which allowed me to explain the spe-
cific features of their structure and topography. To solve the issues of this 
plan, I conducted comparative studies, anatomical and embryological; 

stage III — “Structural foundations of lymph outflow from organs in 
conditions of age norm, in experiment and in pathology”: the theme of my 
work and my students during my management of the Department of hu-
man anatomy. I showed for the first time with the justification: 1) lym-
phangions as inter-valvular segments with smooth myocytes in the walls; 
2) lymph node as lymphangion — capacitive, complex (multi-valvular) and 
complex (with lymphoid tissue in the walls — lymphoid type); 3) smooth 
myocytes in the valves of lymph valves, studied the innervation of valves; 
4) lymphoid-lymphatic apparatus as a new stage in the organization of the 
lymphatic system, the anatomical basis of immunity. Studied lymphoid-
lymphatic apparatus when exposed to a living organism infrasound and mir-
amistina. Examined the microcirculation, it of the lymph and lymphoid part;  

stage IV — “the constitution of the lymphatic system and its types”: 
the result of my diverse research on the functional anatomy of the lym-
phatic system was my original concept of the segmental structure of the 
system, including its roots and lymph nodes. Its inter-valvular segments 
organize all the reactions of the system to the effects of the environment, 
including lymph flow tremors. The lymphatic system is involved in the 
organization of the immune system, its channel carries the flow of antigens 
to the lymph nodes and lymphoid more simple the education of afferent 
lymphatic pathways; 

stage V — “quasi-segmental structure of the human body”: in the 
process of working on the concept of the constitution of the lymphatic 
system, I had the idea of a quasi-segmental structure of the human body. It 
consists of definitive corporate segments that are spliced to varying de-
grees, especially at the periphery. The axial skeleton of these segments 
forms the aorta with its branches. From these positions, I proposed new 
concepts of general human anatomy and the mechanics of organogenesis, 
considered the current state of the relationship between genetics and epi-
genetics, the general structure of a living organism. 

This book contains part of the publications in english, written by me in the frame-
work of such a search and published in different journals. Most often these publications 
were devoted to the structure and development of the lymphatic system, which is no coinci-
dence: for many years my life was associated with the Department, the theme of scientific 
work which was devoted to the functional anatomy of this system. Of course, it is impos-

10 

sible to list all the problems and the results of my research. For example, about the me-
chanics of the development of the middle (muscle) layer as an antishear factor in the wall 
of the embryonic vascular or intestinal tube on the border between the different rigid (out-
er and inner) layers of the wall — this occurs as a result of the displacement of such 
layers of the wall relative to each other under the pressure of the contents of the tube (my 
book “Development of lymphatic system in human prenatal ontogenesis”, published on 
III stage of my research — SPb, SPbSMA, 1998). Or about the mechanics of degen-
eration of mesonephroses in embryogenesis1. 
In conclusion, let me recall J. Lamarck's just saying: “… to observe na-
ture, to study its works... is the pledge of the highest pleasures that can 
most reward us for the inevitable sorrows of life”. 

1 Internat. Journ. Appl. Fund. Research., 2017. — N 1–1. — P. 66–70. 

11 

                                                      

MECHANICS OF DEGENERATION 
OF MESONEPHROSES IN EMBRYOGENESIS2 

Degeneration of mesonephroses in human and mammal´s embryogene-
sis has taken place due to «ascent of» pelvic kidneys and formation of another 
organs. Kidneys, for example, grow between abdominal aorta and mesoneph-
roses, exerting pressure on arteries of mesonephroses. Deformation of these 
arteries by means of squeeze and strain upon influence of organs, growing 
intensively, leads to breach of blood supplying and degeneration of mesoneph-
roses. Data of different auhtores (indexes of proliferation and apoptosis, their 
age changings) testify about different functional and morphological state of 
investigated organs, but do not explain causes of their changings. It is concern 
genetic programming of degeneration of mesonephroses (and another organs), 
finally genome contains information about primary structure of proteins and 
order of its realization. Proteins in connections with another substances take 
part in forming of cells of different organs of individual, moreover in quite 
another state (secondary, tertiary and quarteriary structures). Changings of 
morphological and functional states of proteins and their joining, tissues and 
organs depend from state of their surroundings and individual environment. 
In our case, interactions of organs and their vessels become important epige-
netical factor during uneven intensive growth of forming organs. Death and 
proliferation of cells may be mechanics of development, but no its causes, and 
have own causes of themselves. 

 

 

 

 

Fig. 1 — Scheme of the relationship 
of (pelvic) kidneys and arteries of the 
mesonephros, branches of the descend-
ing aorta, with the “ascent” of the kid-
neys: 
Ао — aorta and its branches; 
ЛМн — left mesonephros; 
ПП, ЛП — right and left (pelvic) kidneys 

2  Abstract of article in: Internat. Journ. Appl. Fund. Res., 2017. — N 1–1. — 
P. 66–70. 

12 

                                                      

 

 

Fig. 2 — Human embryo 12 mm long (6 week), sagittal section: 

Ao — abdominal aorta; ПА — umbilical artery; ПП — mesonephros; 
АПП — arteries of mesonephros; Г — gonad. Hematoxylin / eosin staining. 
Light microscopy, magnification — 120X 

13 

SPIRALIZATION IN THE CONSTRUCTION 
AND DEVELOPMENT OF BIO-SYSTEMS3 

Abstract 

Spiralization plays an important role in the construction of bio-systems 

at different levels of individual organization, starting with proteins and 
DNA. The development of bio-systems, including embryos, occurs 
through the unevenness their growth in different directions, which leads to 
their deformation, including the spiralization at different points of mobility 
of the bio-systems. The spiralization of the developing organ is accompa-
nied by deformation of its mesentery and mesenteric vessels with the divi-
sion of primary veins into secondary veins and primary lymphatic vessels. 
Damaging factors can determine the excessiveness of organ spiralization 
and its mesentery, such as, ischemia of the walls and death of epithelial 
cells. This promotes the germination of connective tissue through defects 
in the epithelium into the cavity of the organ with the formation of its 
congenital occlusion. Such a critical situation in the normal development 
of the organ is resolved by anlage of its lymphatic bed, facilitating the re-
moval of blood containing the “fragments” of embryonic structures from 
the organ and preventing the occurrence of violations in its development. 

Introduction 

In Philosophy, it is well known that the development of the world 

takes place in a spiral. The development of material systems, including bio-
systems, is in one form or another, connected with their growth. The now 
famous law Minot [1] concerning the uneven growth as the main mode of 
development was proclaimed more than a century ago. Thompson [2] later 
stated that the morphogenesis of the body and organs is determined by the 
speed of their growth in different directions. Svetlov [3] introduced the 
term “differentiating growth”: A significant part of the differentiation is 
carried out by uneven growth. Development occurs under certain condi-
tions, which can cause uneven growth (or in a more general form-
movement) of the developing system, by uneven resistance to growth in 
different directions within the system’s environment [4]. 

This paper discusses the result of uneven growth of developing sys-

tems i. e., its deformation-curvature with a violation of the original shape 

3 Citation: Petrenko V. M. (2018) Spiralization in the Construction and De-
velopment of Bio-Systems. J Biomed Syst Emerg Technol 5: 122. 

14 

                                                      

in one form or another. A variant of such deformation is the spiralization 
resulting from uneven movement (growth) of the object along its length at 
different points of mobility. The phenomenon of spiralization is very 
common in the material world (from molecules to galaxies). Various mani-
festations of spiralization are found at all levels of the structural formation 
of living organisms: Genetic, molecular, cellular and tissue [5–8]. Spiraliza-
tion in the study of embryonic organogenesis has been shown it to be a pre-
requisite for the occurrence of congenital anomalies in its redundancy [9]. 

Spiralization and Molecular Bases of Life 

There is extensive literature on the problem of the spiralization for the 

most important biomolecules (DNA and Proteins) [10–16], but there are 
practically no comparisons of the peculiarities of the spiralization of such 
biomolecules and assessment of their value. 

DNA, like proteins, has primary, secondary and tertiary structures. The 

sequential arrangement of nucleotides in the polynucleotide chain is the 
primary structure of the DNA, while the sequential arrangement of amino 
acid residues in the polypeptide chain is the primary structure of the pro-
tein. In both cases, the primary structure is made of long linear polymers, 
but with different compositions. The composition of DNA and proteins is 
specific for each species of living organisms, and the DNA and proteins of 
each individual organism are characterized by a specific primary structure 
of polynucleotides and polypeptides. 

The classical model of the DNA’s secondary structure consists of two 

antiparallel polynucleotide chains, twisted into a double helix, like a spiral 
staircase. The secondary structure of the protein may have a different con-
figuration-α-spiral (typical of enzymes) or folded β-structure (structural 
proteins such as collagen). 

The formation of the tertiary structure of nuclear DNA reflects the 

process of organization of chromosomes, and consists of multiple super-
spiralizations of the DNA molecule involving the formation of protein 
complexes, mainly with histones, and the participation of enzymes. As a 
result of successive packaging, the linear dimensions of the DNA molecule 
are reduced by 10 times. This is necessary to place a huge DNA molecule 
in a small volume of the cell nucleus in both eukaryotes and prokaryotic 
cells. Superspiralization is an important property of DNA, which depends 
on the flow of virtually all DNAdependent processes in the cell, such as 
DNA replication, transcription and recombination. Superspiralization of 
DNA molecules greatly facilitates the breeding of complementary chains 
needed to initiate replication and transcription. 

15