Чтение и письмо на английском языке для академических целей = English writing and reading for academic purposes

МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ 
РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

УРАЛЬСКИЙ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ 
ИМЕНИ ПЕРВОГО ПРЕЗИДЕНТА РОССИИ Б. Н. ЕЛЬЦИНА

М. О. Гузикова
Н. А. Завьялова

ЧТЕНИЕ И ПИСЬМО 

НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ 

ДЛЯ АКАДЕМИЧЕСКИХ ЦЕЛЕЙ

ENGLISH WRITING AND READING

FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

Учебно-методическое пособие

2-е издание, стереотипное

Москва
  Екатеринбург

Издательство «ФЛИНТА»      
 Издательство Уральского университета

2021
 2021

© Уральский федеральный

университет, 2021

© Гузикова М. О., Завьялова Н. А.,

 2021

ISBN 978-5-9765-4629-5 (ФЛИНТА)
ISBN 978-5-7996-3204-5 (Изд-во Урал. ун-та)

Р е ц е н з е н т ы:

кафедра иностранных языков

Уральского государственного экономического университета

(зав. кафедрой канд. филол. наук, доцент О. Л. Соколова);

Н. Ю. Анашкина, канд. филол. наук, доцент, 

доцент кафедры иностранных языков и межкультурной коммуникации 
Уральского государственного университета путей сообщения

УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.432.1я73
          Г93

Гузикова М. О.
Чтение и письмо на английском языке для академических 
целей = English writing and reading for academic purposes 
[Электронный ресурс] : учеб.-метод. пособие / М. О. Гузикова, 
Н. А. Завьялова. — 2-е изд., стер. — Москва : ФЛИНТА ; 
Екатеринбург : Изд-во Урал. ун-та, 2021. — 104 с.

ISBN 978-5-9765-4629-5 (ФЛИНТА)
ISBN 978-5-7996-3204-5 (Изд-во Урал. ун-та)

Учебно-методическое пособие представляет собой рекомендации, 
демонстрирующие основные этапы работы над научной статьей на 
английском языке. В пособие включены базовые клише и выражения, 
которые призваны стать необходимой опорой для российских авторов 
в процессе создания научных текстов на английском языке. Авторы 
пособия полагают, что знакомство с представленными наборами фраз и 
образцами научных текстов будет способствовать генерации научных 
текстов на английском языке в среде российских авторов.   Пособие 
содержит ряд практикоориентированных заданий, которые могут быть 
расширены и дополнены по желанию преподавателей.

Пособие предназначено для студентов, изучающих дисциплины 
«Практический курс первого иностранного языка», «Академическое 
письмо» и «Академический английский язык», для магистрантов, 
аспирантов и преподавателей, которые стремятся повысить свою 
публикационную активность на английском языке.

c93

УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.432.1я73

Table of contents

Introduction ........................................................................................ 4 
Section 1. Composing an Abstract.................................................. 7
Section 2. Composing an Introduction .......................................12
Section 3. Composing Literature Review ...................................31
Section 4. Describing Methods and Materials ..........................45
Section 5. Outlining Discussion and Results .............................58
Section 6. Composing Conclusions ..............................................72
Practice Section ...............................................................................78
References ........................................................................................101

Introduction

Данное пособие представляет собой набор теоретических 
и практических рекомендаций для авторов научных статей на 
английском языке (бакалавров, магистрантов, аспирантов и профессорско-преподавательского состава). Спецификой материалов, 
вошедших в данное пособие, является тот факт, что они ориентированы на непосредственный продуктивный вид деятельности, 
выраженный в создании научных публикаций.
Пособие представляет собой попытку синтеза трех подходов: 
стилистического, аналитического и творческого. Оно предназначено для использования на занятиях как очного, так и дистанционного режимов обучения. Основная цель пособия — внести элемент 
разнообразия на занятиях по академическому письму и чтению, 
показать многогранность и неоднозначность изучаемых явлений. 
Актуальность данного пособия заключается в новых вызовах 
научной коммуникации, обусловленных интеграцией российских 
ученых в глобальное образовательное пространство. Интеграция 
подразумевает поиск ниши, в рамках которой российские ученые 
смогут предъявить собственные идеи. Презентация ключевых 
идей в глобальном образовательном пространстве осуществляется 
на языке мировой науки — английском языке. Предлагаемое пособие призвано смягчить вызовы, связанные с переходом научной 
коммуникаци на английский язык.
Объектом пособия являются научные выражения и клише, характерные для коммуникации на английском языке. Предмет можно сформулировать как интегративная роль представленных клише 
в общей канве научного повествования. По мнению авторов, клише 
и обороты, вошедшие в пособие, могут выступать катализатором 
развития научного повествования, представлять собой необходимую опору для развития научного дискурса на английском языке.
Можно с уверенностью говорить о том, что на современном 
рынке учебной литературы наблюдается существенная нехватка 
материала, призванного смягчить вызовы научного англоязычного 

дискурса для российских ученых. В пособие включены как рекомендации по заявленной проблематике зарубежных авторов, так 
и примеры научных статей, составленных авторами данного пособия и принятых к печати зарубежными научными изданиями.
Работа с пособием рассчитана на два семестра по два академических часа в неделю. План прохождения материалов пособия включает знакомство с фразами и текстами, ответы на предтекстовые 
и послетекстовые вопросы. Особое внимание уделено проектной 
деятельности, результатом которой должны стать собственные научные тексты на английском языке. По желанию студентов и преподавателей рамки проектной деятельности могут быть расширены.
Авторами пособия являются заведующая кафедрой лингвистики и профессиональной коммуникации на иностранных языках 
М. О. Гузикова и доцент кафедры лингвистики и профессиональной коммуникации на иностранных языках Н. А. Завьялова. Оба 
автора известны своими многочисленными публикациями в сфере 
коммуникации, лингвистики и лингводидактики.
Пособие адресовано культурологам, лингвистам, философам, 
социологам, искусствоведам, историкам, педагогам, студентам, 
магистрантам и аспирантам гуманитарных направлений, а также 
широкому кругу читателей, интересующихся проблематикой современного социально-гуманитарного знания на английском языке.

The study guide is a set of theoretical and practical recommendations for the authors of academic publications in English (bachelors, 
undergraduates, graduate students and faculty). The focus of the study 
guide is a productive activity, directed at the development of academic 
publications.
The study guide is an attempt to synthesize three approaches: stylistic, analytical, and creative. It is intended for use in both full-time 
and distance learning modes. The main purpose of the study guide is 
to introduce the element of diversity to the classes of academic writing 
and reading, to show the multifacetedness and ambiguity of the phenomena studied. The relevance of this study guide lies in the new 
challenges of scientific communication, stimulated by the integration 
of Russian scholars into the global educational community. The integration involves identification of a niche within which Russian scholars 

can present their own ideas. The presentation of key ideas to the global 
educational community is based on the language of world science, i.e. 
English. The proposed study guide serves to simplify the challenges 
associated with the transition of scientific communication to English 
speaking tradition.
The object of the study guide is scientific expressions and cliches, 
characteristic of academic communication in English. The pivotal moment of the guide is the integrative role of the cliches presented in the general outline of the scientific narrative. According to the idea of the authors, the cliches and the expressions included in the publication can act 
as a catalyst for the development of scientific narrative, to be a necessary 
support for the development of scientific discourse in English.
One can say with certainty that in the modern market of educational literature there is a significant shortage of publications designed 
to simplify the challenges of scientific English-language discourses 
for Russian scholars. The manual includes both recommendations 
on the stated problems for authors, as well as the examples of articles 
compiled by the authors of this manual and taken to print by foreign 
scientific journals.
The processing of the whole study guide may be covered during 
two semesters for 2 academic hours per week. The plan for the materials 
of the manual includes the acquisition of necessary phrases and texts, 
answers to pretextual and post-textual questions. Of much importance 
are stimulating project activities which result in the design of academic 
texts in English. At the request of students and teachers, the scope 
of the project activities can be expanded.
The authors of the manual are the head of the Chair of Linguistics 
and Professional Communication in Foreign Languages, M. O. Guzikova 
and the Assistant Professor of the Chair of Linguistics and Professional 
Communication in Foreign Languages N. A. Zavyalova. Both authors 
are known for their numerous publications in the field of communication, linguistics and linguodidactics.
The study guide is addressed to culture experts, linguists, philosophers, sociologists, art historians, teachers, students, undergraduates 
and graduate students of liberal arts and humanities, as well as a wide 
range of readers interested in the issues of modern social and communicative issues of the English language.

Section 1. Composing an Abstract 

An abstract is a self-contained and short synopsis that describes 
a larger work. The abstract is the only part of the paper that is published 
online and in most conference proceedings. Hence abstract constitutes 
a very important section of your paper.  Also, when you submit your 
paper to a journal, potential reviewers only see the abstract when invited 
by an editor to review the manuscript. The abstract should include one 
or two lines briefly describing the topic, scope, purpose, results, and 
conclusion of your work. The abstract is indexed by search engines, 
so make sure that it has all the right words that a fellow researcher 
in the same field will be using while searching for articles online. Also, 
make sure it is rich with data and numbers to demonstrate the scientific 
rigor of your article. Be very clear and confident about your findings. 
Keep it punchy and straight to the point [1].
The abstract section of your research paper should include the following:
 
● Topic
 
● Purpose
 
● Scope
 
● Results
 
● Conclusion

The following vocabulary [2] is interesting and useful

General introduction

Research on __ has a long tradition 
For decades, one of the most popular ideas in __ literature is the idea that __
Recent theoretical developments have revealed that __
A common strategy used to study __ is to __
This research constitutes a relatively new area which has emerged from __
These approaches have been influential in the field because of __
In the past several decades, __ have played an important role in __

There are growing appeals for __
This is the field of study that deals with __
Most of the theories of __ are however focused on explaining __
There are three major theoretical and conceptual frameworks for __
The field has gradually broadened as __
This field of study is sometimes referred as __
This has been widely adopted in the field of __
This thesis considers the field of __ as the main subject of its study
One of the major topics to be investigated in this field is __
This is now a mature field which is now being spun out into commercial 
applications __
This field is maturing, with a wealth of well-understood methods and 
algorithms __
This field closely follows the paradigm of __
The field has met with great success in many problems __
The field only really took off in the late __ as it became more accessible to __
This is not particularly new and has been used for many years in the field of __
This field closely follows the paradigm of __
Widely considered to be a good way to __
This has been widely adopted in the field of __
This is more widely used at the time of __
This phenomenon has been widely observed
A common technique is to __
This is a technique common in __
There are several common kinds of __

Rewrite the following abstracts to make them more stylistically 
attractive
Abstract 1
The article describes a step-by-step strategy for designing a universal comprehensive vision of a vast majority of financial research topics. The strategy is 
focused around the analysis of the retrieval results of the word processing system 
Serelex which is based on the semantic similarity measure. While designing 
a research topic, scientists usually employ their individual background. They 
rely in most cases on their individual assumptions and hypotheses. The strategy, introduced in the article, highlights the method of identifying components of semantic maps which can lead to a better coverage of any scientific 
topic under analysis. On the example of the research field of finance we show 

the practical and theoretical value of semantic similarity measurements, i.e. 
a better coverage of the problems which might be included in the scientific 
analysis of financial field. At the designing stage of any research scientists are 
not immune to an insufficient and, thus, erroneous spectrum of problems under analysis. According to the famous maxima of St. Augustine, ‘Fallor ergo 
sum’, the researchers’ activities are driven along the way from one mistake 
to another. However, this might not be the case for the 21st century science 
approach. Our strategy offers an innovative methodology, according to which 
the number of mistakes at the initial stage of any research may be significantly 
reduced. The second stage of our experiment was driven towards analyzing 
the correlation between the language and income level of the respondents. 
The article contains the information about data processing [3].

Abstract 2
New international agendas for Russia are becoming a key instrument 
in shaping multi-polar global future. There is much evidence that China plays 
a pivotal role in Russian foreign affairs. Socio-cultural acquisition of Chinese 
heritage in Russia comes together with learning the Chinese language. To successfully meet new targets Russian teenagers today must acquire fluent Chinese 
competence. The key factor to meet this ambitious goal is motivation which 
must be developed by new teaching principles. The paper focuses on innovative computer-based technologies for teaching Chinese. The main stress is laid 
on the analysis of corpus frequencies and audio annotation of recorded speech. 
One more aspect of the paper is the interaction with students outside the central 
region of Russia. The article features a teaching experiment with school students from Yekaterinburg, Ural region. The results of the experiment showed 
that the introduction of hands-on corpus-analysis experience made it possible 
for students to share their feeling of achievement, become more autonomous 
in learning and flexible with daily studying routines. Though the experiment 
was conducted with a small group of 10 learners — which is a common practice 
for Chinese learning groups in cities outside the central region — the author 
believes that the results are suggestive enough for a large-scale practice of introducing modern linguistics’ methods to a school classroom [4].

Abstract 3
The focus of this paper is the concept of the frontier as a three-fold model, 
incorporating aspects of locality, spirit, and language. The paper describes 
modern visions of the frontier myth based on the data obtained from big data 
resources, putting forward the idea that all three dimensions can be considered 
as multi-faceted units in transition. The primary stress of the article lies within 

the domain of the spiritual frontiers of a nation, arguing that geographical frontiers do not necessarily coincide with the spiritual edges of a nation. The Russian 
spiritual frontier of the Urals region is set against the background of the German 
Schwarzwald (Black Forest) and the North American “Wild West” frontiers 
within the time span of the mid-nineteenth to end of the twentieth century. 
The author builds a linguistic taxonomy of the concept of  “frontier” in German, 
Russian and English based upon the methodologies of linguistic philosophy. 
The paper is mainly based on ethnographic descriptions and linguistic data 
analysis. The conclusion of the article is the observation that the German linguistic representations of the concept of “frontier” are predominately based 
on technical and practical applications in such branches of science as thermodynamics and the mathematical field of topology. Meanwhile, the German 
Schwarzwald frontier myth is treated as an imaginary linear border between 
the actual world and the world of spirits. However, Russian, and North American concepts of “frontier” are culturally bound and present an area, rather than 
a linear representation. The article is a point of interest for both theoretical and 
practical applications. Theoretically speaking, the research offers new directions 
of exploring frontiers, based on linguistic data, obtained from online linguistic 
corpora. Practically speaking, the author describes new approaches to frontier 
identification which may be useful in the tourism industry [5].

Abstract 4
The article deals with culture genesis within the framework of present-day 
mass media with the focus on universal cultural communicative formulae (CCF) 
typical of the Russian, Ukrainian and English languages. The author stresses 
the cultural relevance of CCFs, which are analogous to cultural artifacts. Cultural 
significance of CCFs is achieved through the function of knowledge transmission 
from a generation to other generations. The social function of CCFs is realized 
through social norms indispensable for the sustainable development of modern 
society. The article is written in cross-cultural and comparative keys, highlighting philosophical reflections of modern communicative processes. The sociocultural dynamics is construed in accordance with the theory of the thesaurus 
approach to the conceptualization of the person and his/her world developed 
by distinguished Russian scholars Valery A. Lukov and Vladimir A. Lukov. 
The article also makes use of the communication theories by Jeffrey C. Alexander and N. Luhmann. The article stresses the significance of communication 
for both philosophy and social culture. The modern communicative sphere is 
described as having universal features, the analysis of which leads to a profound 
understanding of culture genesis. CCFs are characterized by retrospective nature 
and elastic contexts, reflecting the dynamics of changing day-to-day life. CCFs 

successfully mirror public relations and society development. The social nature 
of these phenomena brings them to the front of a multi-aspect investigation. 
In present-day Russia, such formulae as “shale gas revolution”, “Crimea is 
ours!”, “Cold War” are perfect reflections of the mindset of the contemporary 
Russian society. Owing to their retrospective nature, CCFs use experience 
to outline meanings relevant to a particular socio-cultural code in the present. 
Actively participating in social interaction, CCFs form an integral part of both 
enculturation and socialization. The advent of electronic media and the rise 
of new cultural trends transformed CCFs into vivid examples of postmodern 
cultural patterns and characteristic reflections of how the socio-cultural dynamics develops [6].