Английский язык

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

А.П. МИНЬЯР-БЕЛОРУЧЕВА

3-е издание, дополненное

Допущено Учебно-методическим объединением 
по классическому университетскому образованию 
в качестве учебного пособия по английскому языку 
для студентов высших учебных заведений, 
обучающихся по направлению подготовки 
50.03.03 «История искусств»

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

Москва                                        2022

ИНФРА-М

УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.2Англ.я73
 
М62

Миньяр-Белоручева А.П.
М62  
Английский язык : учебное пособие / А.П. Миньяр-Белоручева. — 3-е изд., 
доп. — Москва : ФОРУМ : ИНФРА-М, 2022. — 192 с. — (Высшее образование: 
Бакалавриат). 

ISBN 978-5-00091-763-3 (ФОРУМ)
ISBN 978-5-16-017305-4 (ИНФРА-М, print)
ISBN 978-5-16-103270-1 (ИНФРА-М, online)
Учебное пособие по английскому языку направлено на усвоение профессионально 
ориентированного языка истории искусств. На материале оригинальных работ англоязычных искусствоведов студенты (бакалавры) отрабатывают лексико-грамматический материал и развивают языковую, речевую, культурную и профессиональную 
компетенцию.
Предназначено для студентов (бакалавров) высших учебных заведений, обучающихся по направлению подготовки «История искусств», а также для всех желающих 
изучать английский язык самостоятельно.

УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.2Англ.я73

Р е ц е н з е н т ы:
Тучков И.И., доктор искусствоведения, профессор;
Хомутова Т.Н., доктор филологических наук, профессор;
Шапошников В.Н., доктор филологических наук, профессор

ISBN 978-5-00091-763-3 (ФОРУМ)
ISBN 978-5-16-017305-4 (ИНФРА-М, print)
ISBN 978-5-16-103270-1 (ИНФРА-М, online)
© Миньяр-Белоручева А.П., 2015
© ФОРУМ, 2015

Введение

Настоящее учебное пособие по английскому языку, предназначенное для студентов-искусствоведов младших курсов вузов, выполнено в соответствии с требованиями государственных образовательных стандартов высшего профессионального 
образования, предъявляемых к преподаванию иностранного языка в неязыковых 
вузах с учетом профессиональной направленности обучения.
Материалом учебного пособия послужили оригинальные произведения англоязычных искусствоведов, посвященные изучению искусства Древнего мира. Данное учебное пособие состоит из пяти частей, каждая из которых посвящена конкретному искусству древности, и словарика, включающего термины искусства, 
характерные для конкретного периода. 
Упражнения каждого раздела тематически связаны, что позволяет студентуискусствоведу получать дополнительную экстралингвистическую информацию 
по специальности. Упражнения направлены на развитие чтения, письма, аудирования и говорения. На основе упражнений студенты отрабатывают лексикограмматический материал, развивая языковую, речевую, культурную и профессиональную компетенцию, что оптимизирует обучение английскому языку для 
специальных целей студентов-искусствоведов. При работе с лексикой особое внимание уделяется терминологии искусствоведения. Предложенные упражнения 
позволяют проверить понимание прочитанного и приобрести навыки перевода 
профессионально ориентированных текстов. Перевод является непосредственной 
составляющей профессионально ориентированного обучения, поскольку в настоящее время все большую значимость приобретает не только свободное владение 
английским языком, но и умение быстро и квалифицированно осуществлять перевод с английского языка на русский язык и обратно.
Данное учебное пособие, предназначенное для студентов-искусствоведов, 
 обуча ющихся в высших учебных заведениях, может быть использовано широким 
кругом лиц, изучающих английский язык и интересующихся искусством Древнего 
мира.

Part i  
Сave art

Unit 1. The First Artists

 
‰ PRE-READING TASKS

1. Learn the following words and phrases. 

ancestor [nsəstə] — предок; common ancestor — общий предок. Syn: forefather, progenitor, forebear
anthropologist [n(t)θrəpɔləst] — антрополог
bison [basn] — 1) зубр. Syn: wisent [wzənt]; амер., бизон. Syn: buffalo
brow [brau] — бровь
Cro-Magnon man [krou mnənmn] — кроманьонец
extensive [ksten(t)sv] — громадный, большой. Syn: vast, spacious
figurative art — изобразительное искусство
flint [flnt] — кремень
flake [flek] — слой
Glacial age [glesəl e] — ледниковый период
Neanderthal [nndətl] — 1) неандертальский 2) неандерталец
Palaeolithic [pləlθk] — 1) палеолит (древнекаменный век; первый период каменного века с 3 млн лет назад до 10 тыс. лет назад; 2) палеолитический; 
 
Pal(a)eolithic age — палеолит; 
 
Pal(a)eolithic man — человек эпохи палеолита
pigment [pgmənt] — краситель, красящее вещество
roam [rəum] — бродить. Syn: wander 
species [spʃz] — род человеческий
stage [ste] — период, этап; 
at a stage — на стадии
subhuman [sbhjmən] — нечеловеческий
utility [jtllət] — польза

2. Make sure you know how to pronounce the following.

Neanderthal [nndətl]; Magdalenian [magdəli:nən]; Palaeolithic [pləlθk]; 
Europe [juərəp]; Europeans [juərəpi:ən]; anthropologists [nθrəpɔlst]; France [frns]; 

Unit 1. The First Artists

Cro-Magnon [kroumgnən]; British Isles [brtʃalz]; Balkans [blkənz]; Portugal 
[ptjəg(ə)l]; Levallois [ləvalw]; Cantabrian [kntbrən]; ancestor [nsəstə]; period 
[pərəd]. 

3. Give Russian equivalents for the following phrases.
Human beings; to take a significant step; to have evidence of; human artistic production; 
at a very early stage; subhuman groups; to make works of art; the ancestors of modern 
Europeans; to roam over Europe; glacial period; brow ridges; early humans; the Upper 
Palaeolithic period; the Magdalenian art system; glacial cap; human history; history of art; 
stone tools; figurative art; cave art. 

4. Give English equivalents for the following phrases.
Верхний палеолит; ледниковый период; создавать произведения искусства; 
изобразительное искусство; каменные орудия труда; первобытные люди; ледниковый период; бродить по Европе; надбровная дуга; многочисленные свидетельства; 
род человеческий; на раннем этапе развития; красящее вещество; кроманьонец; 
антропологи; на стадии; история человечества.

5. Make up a story of your own, using expressions given in ex. 1.

6. Ask your classmate to answer the following questions.
1. What evidence of early human artistic production do we have? 
2. Who could create cave paintings?
3. When was the first cave art discovered?

7. 
Read and translate Text 1.

TexT 1

We do not know when or how human beings took the significant step of making objects 
for their own interest and enjoyment rather than for pure utility. But we have extensive 
evidence of human artistic production at a very early stage. Such subhuman groups as 
the Neanderthal did not make works of art. The first artists were the ancestors of modern 
Europeans, the Cro-Magnon people, who roamed over Europe, equipped with stone tools 
and weapons, during the last glacial period. Northeastern Europe, and most of the British 
Isles were covered deep in glacial ice. Yet, early humans left us remarkable works of art on 
open air rocks or on the walls and ceilings of caves. They were created during the Upper 
Palaeolithic period (50,000 to 10,000 BCE), and the best were done by the so-called the 
Magdalenians, peoples who flourished in Europe from 18,000 to 10,000 BCE. Such works 
have a unity, and can be described as the Magdalenian art system, the first in human 
history. In any history of art the Magdalenian system occupies an important place. The 
first cave art was discovered in the 1860s, and it was not until 1902 that it was accepted as a 
fact by anthropologists and art historians. By the end of the twentieth century, there were 
277 agreed examples in Europe, 142 in France, 108 in Spain, 21 in Italy, 2 in Portugal, 
2 in Germany and 2 in the Balkans. Most of these works of art are extremely fragile and 
inaccessible and this is a real obstacle to unlocking the secrets of the Magdalenian art 
system. These caves are no longer open to the public. 

Part I. сave art

 
‰ AFTER-READING TASKS

1. Make up questions to Text 1. Ask your classmates to answer them.

2. Match the following. 

1) glacial period 
2) cave 
3) Magdalenian 
4) Neanderthal

a) denoting the final Palaeolithic culture in Europe, following 
the Solutrean and dated to about 17,000–11,500 years ago. It is 
characterized by a range of bone and horn tools, and by highly 
developed cave art
b) an extinct species of human that was widely distributed in ice-age 
Europe between c.120,000 and 35,000 years ago, with a receding 
forehead and prominent brow ridges. The Neanderthals were associated with the Mousterian flint industry of the Middle Palaeolithic
c) a period in the earth’s history when polar and mountain ice sheets 
were unusually extensive across the earth’s surface
d) a natural underground chamber in a hillside or cliff

3. Find synonyms to the following words and phrases in the text.
output  
to wander about  
progenitors  

Early Stone Age  

4. Expand on the following. Information given below should help you.

1) the Solutrean [səltrən]  
2) the Mousterian [mstərən]  
3) Levallois [lə’valw]  
4) Aurignacian [rnjeʃ(ə)n]  

[a) a flint-working technique associated with the Mousterian culture of the Neanderthals, in 
which a flint is trimmed so that a flake of predetermined size and shape can be struck from it; b). 
relating to or denoting the early stages of the Upper Palaeolithic culture in Europe and the Near 
East. It is dated in most places to about 34,000–29,000 years ago, and is associated with CroMagnon Man; c) relating to or denoting the main culture of the Middle Palaeolithic period in 
Europe, between the Acheulian [əʃlən] and Aurignacian periods (chiefly 80,000–35,000 years 
ago). It is associated with Neanderthal peoples and is typified by flints worked on one side only; 
d) relating to or denoting an Upper Palaeolithic culture of central and SW France and parts of 
Iberia. It is dated to about 21,000–18,000 years ago, following the Aurignacian and preceding the 
Magdalenian]

5. Work with a partner to discuss the following.
1. What role did prehistoric art play in the evolution of humanity?
2. Was cave painting found outside Europe?
3. What were the Magdalenian paintings designed to convey? 

Unit 1. The First Artists

6. Learn the following words and phrases.

animalistic [nməlstk] — анималистический
anthropomorphous [nθrəpəmrfəs] — антропоморфная
Appalachians [pəleənz] = Appalachian Mountains — горы Аппалачи
bark of trees — кора дерева
bas-relief [brɪlf] — барельеф
beads [bdz] — бусы
broad slab — каменная плитка
cane cane [ken] — тростник; камыш. Syn: rush, reed
carbon dating — датирование по (радио)углероду
charcoal [kəul] — древесный уголь
clay sediment — глинистые осадки 
creativity [kretivit] — творческая деятельность
cross hatching — поперечная штриховка
Cumberland Plateau [kmb(ə)lənd] — плато Камберленд
edacious time [deʃəs tam] — разрушительное время 
fine art [fant] — изобразительное искусство
Florida [‘flɔrdə] — Флорида (штат США)
hide [had] — шкура
humidity [hjmdət] — влажность
glyph [glf] — рельефно вырезанный знак, символ
lithic age — каменный век; палеолит. Syn: Palaeolithic Age — палеолит
maintain [menten] — сохранять
Missouri [mzuər] — Миссури (штат США, река)
mutilate [‘mjtlet] — испортить
petroglyph [‘petrəglf] — петроглиф, наскальное изображение
owl [aul] — сова; сыч; филин
plateau [pltəu] — плато, плоскогорье. Syn: mountain
prehistoric art — первобытное искусство
rites [rats] — обряды
scratch [skr] — гравировка
sculpture [sklpə] — скульптура
stencil [sten(t)s(ə)l] — узор
subterranean [sbt(ə)renən] –подземный
turtle [t:tl] — черепаха
various [vεərəs] — различный
Virginia [vənə] — Виргиния (штат США)
vertical drop — сталактит
Wisconsin [wskɔn(t)sn] — Висконсин (штат США)
zoomorphic [zəumfk] — зооморфная

7. 
Make up a story of your own, use the word combinations given in ex. 6.

8. Define the following terms.

artistic  
works of art   
bas-relief  

Part I. сave art

9. Classify the following jumbled package phrases, use them in your own oral or written 
report.
We do not know when or how ….
Recent investigation has shown … 
We have extensive evidence of ….
Such works can be described as ….
By analogy with ….
Most of these works of art are extremely fragile ….
According to new dating results ….
If the new dates are correct, they also could make ….
It has been previously held that ….
The new dates raise the possibility that ….
…. are believed to have also been in ….
However many scientists had long doubted whether ….
But that has begun to change in recent years, thanks in part to the discovery of ….
Yet more evidence is needed to establish that …

10. Translate the following into English. 
Термин «первобытное искусство» используется для обозначения различных 
видов изобразительного творчества, возникшего в каменном веке и продолжавшегося около 500 тыс. лет. В эпоху палеолита оно было представлено музыкой, танцами, песнями и обрядами, а также изображениями на коре деревьев, на шкурах 
животных, различными украшениями тела и различных предметов, таких как 
бусы. Однако все это не смогло противостоять натиску разрушительного времени, поэтому были обнаружены только абстрактные знаки, выбитые искусственно 
на сверхтвёрдых скальных поверхностях на территории Центральной Индии, на 
севере Австралии и на территории Перу. К ним также относятся анималистическая пещерная живопись, зооморфная и антропоморфная скульптура малых форм 
из кости и камня, гравировки и барельефы на кости, каменных плитках времени 
верхнего палеолита и многочисленные наскальные изображения, известные на 
всех обитаемых континентах. 

11. Read and discuss the following text.
Prehistoric dots and crimson hand stencils on Spanish cave walls are now the worlds 
oldest known cave art. According to new dating results Neanderthals were Earths first 
cave painters. If thats the case, the discovery narrows the cultural distance between us 
and Neanderthals — and fuels the argument, that the heavy-browed humans were not a 
separate species but only another race. Of the subterranean sites that have been studied 
along Cantabrian Sea coast in Spain, the cave called El Castillo have the paintings of 
40,800 years old. If the new dates are correct, they also could make the El Castillo art 
the oldest known well-dated cave paintings in the world. It has been previously held that 
Frances Chauvet cave paintings to be at least 37,000 years old. The new dates raise the 
possibility that some of the paintings could have been made by Neanderthals, who are 
thought to have lived in Europe until about 30,000 or 40,000 years ago. Modern humans 
are believed to have also been in the area at the time, arriving about 41,500 years ago. 
However many scientists had long doubted whether Neanderthals were capable of 

Unit 1. The First Artists

producing symbolic art. But that has begun to change in recent years, thanks in part to the 
discovery of pigments, tiny art objects, and what might be body paint at Neanderthal sites. 
Yet more evidence is needed to establish that some of the Spanish cave paintings were 
products of Neanderthal minds.
Ker Than. Worlds Oldest Cave Art Found—Made by Neanderthals?

12. Express your ideas concerning the first cave painting artists in writing.

 
‰ SUPPLEMENTARY READING

1. Read, translate and discuss the following text.
Over the past few decades, in Tennessee, archaeologists have unearthed an elaborate 
cave -art tradition thousands of years old. The pictures are found in dark zone sites — places where the Native American people who made the artwork did so at personal risk, crawling meters or, in some cases, miles underground with cane torches. The first of these sites 
was discovered in 1979. The walls of it were covered in a thin layer of clay sediment left 
there during long  ago floods and maintained by the caves unchanging temperature and 
humidity. The stuff was still soft. It looked at first as though someone had finger -painted 
all over. The images that emerged from the fields around there were bird men, a dancing 
warrior figure, a snake with horns. Here were naturalistic animals, too: an owl and turtle. 
Some of the pictures seemed to have been first made and then ritually mutilated in some 
way, stabbed or beaten with a stick. That was the discovery of Mud Glyph Cave. The caves 
closest parallel may be caves in the south of France which contain Ice Age art. The glyphs 
(by carbon dating charcoal) were roughly eight hundred years old and belonged to the Mississippian people, ancestors too many of todays Southeastern and Midwestern tribes. The 
imagery was classic Southeastern Ceremonial Complex meaning it belonged to the vast 
but still dimly understood religious outbreak that swept the Eastern part of North America 
around 1200 CE. 
 Twenty- five years later there have been more than seventy known dark zone cave sites 
east of the Mississippi, with new ones turning up every year. A handful of the sites contain 
only some markings or cross hatching, but others are quite elaborate, much more so than 
Mud Glyph. Several are older, too. One of them, the oldest so far, was created around 4000 
BCE. The sites range from Missouri to Virginia, and from Wisconsin to Florida, but the 
bulk lie in Middle Tennessee. Of those, the greater number are on the Cumberland Plateau, 
which runs at a southwest slant down the eastern part of the state, like a great wall dividing 
the Appalachians from the interior.
The Plateau is positively worm -eaten with caves. Pit caves, dome caves, big wide 
tourist caves, and caves that are just little cracks running back into the stone for a hundred 
feet — not even a decade ago, explorers announced the discovery of Rumbling Falls 
Cave, a fifteen -mile system that includes a two -hundred -foot vertical drop and leads to a 
chamber they call the Rumble Room. All of that is inside the Plateau and in the limestone 
that skirts its edges.
Sullivan J.J. Americas Ancient Cave Art

Part I. сave art

Unit 2. Cave Painting

 
‰ PRE-READING TASKS

1. Learn the following words and phrases.

auroch — 1) тур; 2) зубр
chamber [embə] — зал, камера
entrance [entrən(t)s] — вход
gore [g] — бодать
hunt [hnt] — охотиться
limestone — известняк; 
carboniferous limestone — известняк каменноугольного периода
karstic –карстовый
magical = magic — магический. Syn: supernatural, miraculous 
moss — 1) мох; 2) лишайник
mats of moss — пучки мха
obscure [əbskjuə] — неясный. Syn: unintelligible, incomprehensible
outline — контур, абрис. Syn: contour 
pulsate — вибрировать. Syn: beat
ritual = rite — обрядовый, ритуальный
stain [sten] — пятно
superimpose (on) — накладывать
tube [tju:b] — тюбик
untenable [ntenəbl] — несостоятельный, лишённый доказательности
wick [wk] — фитиль; фитилёк

2. Make sure you know how to pronounce the following.
Lascaux [laskəυ]; Altamira [,altəmərə]; France [frn(t)s]; Scandinavia [,skndnevə]; 
Neolithic [,ni:ə(υ)lθk]; Mesolithic [,mezəliθik[; Africa [frkə]; Sicily [ssl]; Palermo 
[pəl:məu]; Pyrenees [prənz]; magical [mk(ə)l]; wick [wk]; chamber [embə]; carboniferous [kbənf(ə)rəs]; untenable [ntenəbl]; fiber [fabə] 

3. Give Russian equivalents for the following phrases.
Large-scale paintings; to represent animals; to decorate the walls and ceilings; 
limestone caves; to gain magical control, by means of representation; the painted chambers; 
sanctuaries for magical rituals; near the entrances; remote chambers; to do paintings; in 
order of frequency; to apply the broad black outlines; colour-stained tubes; to represent from 
the side; on the rock surface; moss fibers; to pulsate around the sprayed areas

4. Read and translate Text 2.

TexT 2

The most impressive creations of Palaeolithic humans are the large-scale paintings, almost exclusively representing animals, which decorate the walls and ceilings of limestone 
caves in southwestern France and northern Spain. Their purpose is still obscure. By analogy 
with the experience of surviving tribal cultures, it has been sug gested that these paintings are