Материаловедение и технология материалов

МАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕ

И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ МАТЕРИАЛОВ

A.M. Адаскин, В.М. Зуев

2-е издание

Рекомендовано Учебно-методическим советом Учебно-методического центра 
по профессиональному образованию Департамента образования города Москвы 

в качестве учебного пособия для студентов образовательных учреждений 

среднего профессионального образования

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

Москва                                        2022

ИНФРА-М

УДК 620.2(075.32)
ББК 30.3я723
 
А28

Адаскин А.М.

А28 
 
Материаловедение и технология материалов : учебное пособие / А.М. Адаскин, 

В.М. Зуев. — 2-е изд. — Москва : ФОРУМ : ИНФРА-М, 2022. — 335 с. — (Среднее профессиональное образование).

ISBN 978-5-00091-756-5 (ФОРУМ)
ISBN 978-5-16-017066-4 (ИНФРА-М, print)
ISBN 978-5-16-109447-1 (ИНФРА-М, online)

Рассмотрены строение металлических, неметаллических и композиционных материалов, 

технологии их производства. Даны методы изучения свойств материалов, методы и технологии изменения свойств за счет термической, химико-термической обработки, пластического 
деформирования. Приведены различные технологии получения заготовок и деталей — литье, 
сварка, обработка давлением, резание. Рассмотрены основы технологии нанесения гальванических покрытий, а также технологии изготовления деталей из неметаллических материалов — пластических масс и резин.

Для студентов учреждений среднего профессионального образования. Может быть ис
пользовано при подготовке бакалавров, а также для начального профессионального образования и повышения квалификации, рабочих и мастеров.

УДК 620.2(075.32)

ББК 30.3я723

Р е ц е н з е н т ы:

Шашков Д.П., доктор химических наук, профессор кафедры «Металловедение и тер
мообработка» Московского автомобильно-дорожного института (государственного технического университета) ;

Киселев Н.В., доктор педагогических наук, профессор, заместитель директора Учебно
методического центра по профессиональному образованию города Москвы по научнометодической работе;

Арзамасов В.Н., доктор технических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой «Техно
логия конструкционных материалов» Московского государственного технического университета «МАМИ» 

ISBN 978-5-00091-756-5 (ФОРУМ)
ISBN 978-5-16-017066-4 (ИНФРА-М, print)
ISBN 978-5-16-109447-1 (ИНФРА-М, online)

© Адаскин A.M., Зуев В.М., 2009, 2013
© ФОРУМ , 2009, 2013

Оглавление

............................................................................................................................3
...............................................................................................................................9

I. 1. . ..................................11
1.1. .....................................................................................11
1.2. -...................................13
1.2.1. .....................................................................13
1.2.2. ....................................................15
1.2.3. ......................................................................16
1.3. ....................................................................18
1.4. ..............................................................19

2. ...............................................................................................21
2.1. ..........................................................21
2.1.1. ...................................................21
2.1.2. ........................................................................23
2.2. . ...............................24
2.2.1. () ..............................................24
2.2.2. ............................................................................................27
2.3. .................................28
2.3.1. ........................................................................................................28
2.3.2. ..................................................................................................32
2.3.3. ......................................................................................................33

3.  ...................................................................35
3.1. ..................................................35
3.2. ..........................................................................................36
3.3. .................................................................................................................38
3.4. ...................................................39

4.  — .............40
4.1. .............................................................................................40
4.1.1. ........................................................................................40
4.1.2. ..........................................................................................................40
4.1.3. ..........................................................44
4.2. ...............................................................................................45
4.3. .......................................................................................................51
4.4. ............53

5.  ...................................................57
5.1. ................................................................................................57
5.2. .......................................................................................61
5.3. .............................................................................................63

6.  ....................................................................65
6.1. ...................................................................................65
6.2. ...............................................................................67
6.3. ............................................................................68

7.  .................................................................................................................70
7.1. .........................................................70
7.2. ....................................................................................72

II. 8.  ...................................................................................76
8.1. .................................76
8.1.1. , , 
..................................................................76
8.1.2. ................................................................................77
8.1.3. ..............................................................................80
8.1.4. ............................................................................81
8.1.5. .......................82
8.1.6. ........................................................................................83
8.1.7. ..................................................................84
8.2. ...................................................................................86

9.  .......................................................................90
9.1. () .........................................................................90
9.2. . .................................................................91
9.2.1. ................................................................................................91
9.2.2. ....................................................................93
9.3. , ......100

10.  — . 
................................................................................102
10.1. Fe — Fe3C .....................................................................102
10.2. Fe — Fe3C ..........................................................105

11.  ..................................................107
11.1. ..........................................................................107
11.2. .................................................................107

11.3. .  ..............................................................................................109
11.4. ..............................................113
11.4.1. .............................................................................113
11.4.2. .......................................................................................................115
11.4.3. .....................................................................................117
11.5. ..............................................................................119
11.5.1. -..............................................................120
11.5.2. .............................................................................125
11.6. ....................128
11.6.1. .................................................................................128
11.6.2. ................................................................................129

12.  .............................................................................................................131
12.1. .....................................................131
12.2. .................................................................132
12.3. ............................................................................................132
12.4. ...............134
12.5. ..............................................................138

13.  .........................................................................................................143
13.1. ....................................................................................143
13.2. .............................................................................143
13.3. ............................................................................................144
13.4. ........................................................................148

14.  ..........................151
14.1. , ...............................................................151
14.2. ................................................154
14.3. ....................................155
14.4. .....................................157
14.5. .......................................................158
14.6. ........................................................................................159
14.7. .......................................................................................159
14.8. «» .........................................................................................160

15.  ............................................................162
15.1. .............................................................................162
15.2. ..................................................................164
15.3. ..........................................................................166
15.4. ..............................................................................................................167

16.  ..............................................169
16.1. ..........................................169
16.2. ..........................................................................................173
16.2.1.  .........................................173

16.2.2. .................................................................174
16.2.3. .................................................................175
16.2.4. .................................................................177
16.3. (), .........................................................................178
16.4. , , , , ...................179
16.5. .............................................182

17.  ........................................................184
17.1. -...............................................................184
17.2. .....................................................185
17.2.1. .............................................................................................................186
17.2.2. ........................................188
17.2.3. ....................189
17.3. ............190

III.  18.  ............194
18.1. () ..................................................................................195
18.2. . 
...............................................................196
18.3. ..................................................................................201
18.4. ............................................................................204

19.  ....................................................................206
19.1. .....................................................................................................206
19.2. ............................................................................206
19.2.1. .........................................................................206
19.2.2. ...........................................................213
19.2.3. ...................................................................215
19.3. ..........................................................................217
19.3.1. ..........................................................................................218
19.3.2. ................................................................................219
19.3.3. .................................................................................221
19.4. ....................................................................................222
19.5. .............................................................223

20.  .........................................................................225
20.1. ..........................................................................225
20.2. ..........................................................................226
20.2.1. .......................................................................................226
20.2.2. ..........................................................................................................228
20.2.3. ................................................................................................229
20.3. .......................................................................235

20.3.1. .................................................................................235
20.3.2. ...............................................................................237
20.4. ......................................................239
20.5. ........................................................242

21.  ..........................................................................................................244
21.1. ...........................................................................244
21.2. ............................................................................................244
21.2.1. . 
........................................................245
21.2.2. .............................................................................246
21.2.3. ..........................................................................249
21.2.4. ...........................................................................................250
21.2.5. -, -............................................................................251
21.3. .....................................252
21.4. ...................................................................................................255

22.  ................................................258
22.1. ..................................................................................................258
22.1.1. .....................................................................................258
22.1.2. ..............................................................262
22.2. ....................................................................................263

23.  .............................................................................266
23.1. ...................................................................266
23.2. ............................................................................266
23.2.1. .............................266
23.2.2. ........................................................................................270
23.2.3. .......................................................................................272
23.3. ....................................276
23.3.1. ....................................................................276
23.3.2. .................................................................282
23.4. .........................................................................285
23.4.1. ...............................................285
23.4.2. ...................................................293
23.5. .....................................295
23.5.1. ...........................................................295
23.5.2. ..............................................................................304
23.6. ..................................................................................308

24.  ................................................................................................311
24.1. .........................................................................311
24.2. .........................................................................313
24.3. -.....................................................................314

24.4. .................................................................................315
24.5. .............................................................................................316
24.6. ......................................................................................317

25.  ........318
25.1. -............318
25.2. ........................................................318
25.2.1. .....................................................................318
25.2.2.  ......................................................319
25.3. .....................................................................320
25.3.1. ......................................................................................320
25.3.2. . . ................322

26.  ........................................................................................................................327
26.1. ..........327
26.2. .............................327
26.3. .................................................331
26.4. ................................332

..........................................................................................................334

Введение

. — , , .
. , , — . IV . . . — , . . .
, . . , . , . 
, . , .
— .
. XIX . 
, — . — . XIX . . . , . . , 
. . , . , . . .
. .
— 
, , . , , , .
, , , 
. 

. ,  . — .
, . . , , , , .
, , .

Часть I  
Строение материалов и технология их производства

Глава 1. 
ТИПЫ МЕЖАТОМНЫХ СВЯЗЕЙ И ИХ ВЛИЯНИЕ 
НА СВОЙСТВА МАТЕРИАЛОВ. СТРОЕНИЕ МАТЕРИАЛОВ

1.1. . , , . .
. , , . , .
, , , . : , , --.
, . , .
— NaCl. I . . , . — VII , . .
; 
— . — , .
, (. 1.1). , . «— » — 
(MgO, Al2O3, ZrO2). .

1. . 

— , .
. , , 
. , , (. 1.2).
(8 – N), N — . 
, , .
. , — . . .
— , 
, — IV–VI . . . . 
, , , , — , .
-. 
, , , --(— , , ).
. , () .
, () () , 
. , , , , . . , 
. 1.1. NaCl

2,81Å

Cl–

Na+

. 1.2. ()

1.2. -«». , .
, 
- , , . . . — , , 
.
--, . , , , . . , , , .
--, 
, . . . . 
, , (, ). — (. ).

1.2. -1.2.1. -— . , 
. 
-, . (), (), . , 
(. 1.3). (. 1.4). , . , , .

1. . 

: , , , -
().
(, ) . (Å) (1 Å = 10–8 ; 1 = 10–9 ).
.
, .
, (. 1.5). :
;
1 (1/8·8 = 1 — , , , . . 1/8 ).
() . , , 
.
: -(, . 1.6, ); (, . 1.6, ); (, . 1.6, ).
. , 2 (1/8·8 + 1 = 2; 8 — , 
, 1 — , ). , Na, Li, Ta, W, Mo, 
Fe, Cr, Nb .
, , , 4 (1/8·8 + 1/2·6 = 4; , ). : Ca, Pb, 
Ni, Ag, Au, Pt, -Fe .

. 1.3. ()

. 1.4. ()

. 1.5. ()

a

a

a

a

a

a

1.2. -, (. 
. 1.6, ). , /1 (, /= 1,633 
Ru, Cd /> 1,633 Mg, Zn), 6.
— (, , , , ). . .
. , .  . , , . . . 
(). , -(). . .

1.2.2. — . , , , — , .
. , — , , . . . 1.6. : 
— -(); — (); — ()

a

a

c

a

a

1. . 

. , ,  — .

1.2.3. . , (. . 1.2.1). 
. () = G/(2),

G — (). 
13 000 (G = 80 000 ). 
, 100 — 
150 . .
-, (), . . . () . -, . 
, .
. , 
() (. 1.7). 
. . (, . .), .
. . , 

. 1.7. : 
— ; —