Лингвокультурологический аспект перевода

Е.О. Леонович
О.А. Леонович

ЛИНГВОКУЛЬТУРОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ
АСПЕКТ ПЕРЕВОДА

Практикум

Москва

Издательство «ФЛИНТА»

2017

2-е издание, стереотипное 

УДК 811.111(076.5)
ББК 81.2Англ-7-923

Л47

Ре це нзе нты:

д-р пед. наук, зав. кафедрой профессиональной иноязычной

коммуникации Волгоградского госуниверситета Т.Н. Астафурова;

д-р филол. наук, проф. ПГЛУ П.И. Шлейвис

Леонович Е.О.

Л47 
Лингвокультурологический аспект перевода [Электронный 

русурс] : практикум / Е.О. Леонович, О.А. Леонович. — 2-е 
изд., стер. — М. : ФЛИНТА, 2017. — 208 с.

ISBN 978-5-9765-2599-3 

Пособие включает 10 разделов, каждый из которых содержит

несколько оригинальных текстов, представляющих определенный
лингвокультурный интерес, содержит свыше 20 упражнений на
перевод фраз, включающих безэквивалентную лексику. Упражнения
на перевод ситуационных выражений снабжены дополнительным
комментарием
на
английском
языке. 
Пособие
призвано

содействовать более широкому ознакомлению в практике учебного
перевода с теми аспектами языка, которые зачастую вызывают
наибольшие трудности у начинающих переводчиков. 

Для преподавателей и студентов переводческих факультетов.

УДК 811.111(076.5)
ББК 81.2Англ-7-923

ISBN 978-5-9765-2599-3
© Леонович Е.О., Леонович О.А., 2017
© Издательство «ФЛИНТА», 2017

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ

Предисловие  .............................................................................................4

Unit 1  ..........................................................................................................6

Unit 2  ........................................................................................................25

Unit 3  ........................................................................................................42

Unit 4  ........................................................................................................53

Unit 5  ........................................................................................................69

Unit 6  ........................................................................................................85

Unit 7  ......................................................................................................100

Unit 8  ......................................................................................................112

Unit 9  ......................................................................................................125

Unit 10  ....................................................................................................141

Supplement  .............................................................................................154

Bibliography  ...........................................................................................206

Предисловие

Настоящее пособие представляет собой сборник материалов для практических занятий по переводу с английского языка на русский. Оно предназначено в первую очередь для преподавателей перевода. Пособие включает 10 разделов, каждый 
из которых содержит несколько оригинальных текстов, представляющих определенный лингвокультурный интерес. Пособие призвано содействовать более широкому ознакомлению в 
практике учебного перевода с теми аспектами языка, которые 
зачастую вызывают наибольшие трудности у начинающих переводчиков, а именно, с теми словами и выражениями, которые 
отражают лингвокультурную специфику современного английского языка. Сюда мы относим, в первую очередь, различные 
языковые реалии, фразеологию, клишированные ситуационные 
выражения. В лингвострановедении, в практике перевода реалии соотносятся с «безэквивалентной лексикой» — словами и 
словосочетаниями, смысл которых сложно передать адекватно 
средствами другого языка.
Пособие содержит свыше 20 упражнений на перевод фраз, 
включающих безэквивалентную лексику. Упражнения на перевод ситуационных выражений снабжены дополнительным комментарием на английском языке. Кроме того, пособие включает 
в себя упражнения по переводу распространенных бритицизмов — слов или выражений, характерных для британского варианта английского языка, значение которых также объясняется на 
английском языке.
Материалы пособия апробированы авторами в ходе аудиторных 
занятий в течение ряда лет со студентами переводческого факультета ПГЛУ. Авторы полагают, что в соответствии с теми задачами, 
которые ставит перед собой преподаватель, данные материалы предоставляют обширные возможности для их конкретной реализации 
с привлечением дополнительных методических приемов.
Приложение к основной части пособия содержит справочные материалы, а также список фразеологических единиц с 

национально-культурной семантикой, отражающие различные 
реальности, типичные для Великобритании и США. Для работы 
с этим списком мы рекомендуем использовать книгу А.Ф. Артемовой и О.А. Леоновича «Страноведение через идиоматику» 
(М.: ФЛИНТА: Наука, 2013), что, несомненно, будет способствовать углубленному усвоению лингвокультурологического 
материала и его перевода на русский язык.

U N I T  I 

Texts for translation

1. On England
From a speech by the Rt. Hon. Stanley Baldwin,
M.P.1 (1867)

Now, I always think that one of the most curious contradictions 
about the English stock is this: that while the criticism that is often 
made of us is not without an element of truth, and that is that as a 
nation we are less open to the intellectual sense than the Latin races, 
yet though that may be a fact, there is no nation on the earth that has 
the same knack of producing geniuses. It is almost a characteristic of 
the English race; there is hardly any line in which the nation has not 
produced geniuses, and in a nation which many people might think 
restrained, unable to express itself, in this same nation you have 
a literature second to none that has ever existed in the world, and 
certainly in poetry supreme.
Then, for a more personal characteristic, we grumble, and we 
always have grumbled, but we never worry. Now, there is a very 
great truth in that, because there are foreign nations who worry 
but do not grumble. Grumbling is more superfi cial, leaves less of 
a mark on the character, and just as the English schoolboy, for his 
eternal salvation, is impervious to the receipt of learning, and by 
that means preserves his mental faculties further into middle age 
and old age than he otherwise would (and I may add that I attribute 
the possession of such faculties as I have to the fact that I did not 

1 Now Earl Baldwin. Prime Minister of England (1923—1924, 1924—1929, 
1935—1937).

overstrain them in youth), just as the Englishman has a mental 
reserve owing to that gift given him at his birth by St George, so, by 
the absence of worry he keeps his nervous system sound and sane, 
with the result that in times of emergency the nervous system stands 
when the nervous system of other peoples breaks.
The Englishman is made for a time of crisis, and for a time 
of emergency. He is serene in diffi culties, but he may seem to be 
indifferent when times are easy. He may not look ahead, he may 
not heed warnings, he may not prepare, but when he once starts 
he is persistent to the death, and he is ruthless in action. It is these 
gifts that have made the Englishman what he is, and that have 
enabled the Englishman to make England and the Empire what it 
is.
To me, England is the country, and the country is England. And 
when I ask myself what I mean by England, when I think of England 
when I am abroad, England comes to me through my various sensesthrough the ear, through the eye, and through certain imperishable 
scents. I will tell you what they are, and there may be those among 
you who feel as I do. The sounds of England — the tinkle of the 
hammer on the anvil in the country smithy, the corncrake on a dewy 
morning, the sound of the scythe against the whetstone; and the sight 
of a plough team coming over the brow of a hill — the sight that has 
been seen in England since England was a land, and may yet be seen 
in England long after the Empire has perished and every works in 
England has ceased to function — for centuries the one eternal sight 
of England.

2. The English Countryside

The visitor from abroad who comes to England for the fi rst 
time is nearly always struck with the great beauty and variety of the 
English countryside. He will have read a great deal about London, 
the Industrial Revolution, slums, and coal mines, and may have 

forgotten that English poets and writers, from Chaucer and down to 
the present, have found inspiration in the fi elds and rivers, woods 
and moors, country lanes and villages, valleys and uplands of their 
native land.
There is nothing grandiose about the English landscape. There 
are no impressive mountain ranges (the highest point in England 
Scafell Pike in the Lake District, is only 3,210 feet above sealevel); no fjords or majestic waterfalls, no glaciers or fi elds 
of eternal snow, no vast forests or rivers of impressive length 
(the Thames is 210 miles from its source in the Cotswolds to its 
mouth).
Seen from the air the countryside of much of England appears 
like a patchwork quilt, owing to the criss-cross hedges that separate 
one fi eld from another. This suggests that the hand of man has done 
a great deal to shape the rural scene, and this is so. Maybe that is 
why so much of what is most pleasing to the eye is parkland, green 
fi elds with ancient oaks, a perfect setting for the many lovely country 
houses that are one of England’s fi nest features.
At one time large areas of England were covered with thick 
forests, mainly of oak, but gradually these were cut down, partly to 
provide timber for ships. There are still quite large areas of woodland 
left, such as the New Forest, the Forest of Dean, just as there are 
large expanses of fairly wild and desolate country — Dartmoor, 
Exmoor and the Yorkshire Moors are typical examples — and 
efforts are constantly being made to ensure that they are preserved. 
The Lake District in the north-west, famous as the home of the Lake 
Poets, of whom William Wordsworth is probably the best known, 
is another area of great beauty, of lakes and mountains and valleys, 
which is still relatively unspoilt.

3. The Climate

Like the scenery, the climate is not remarkable for great extremes. 
The winters are mild and the summers not particularly warm, judged 

by Continental standards. A joker once said that the English climate 
was the best in the world, but the weather was terrible. The weather 
is certainly rather unpredictable, and yet in a way this gives it a 
charm of its own — which you may not appreciate if you are caught 
in a shower of rain without a waterproof, or fi nd yourself driving in 
a thick fog along the Ml.
Why is the climate so mild, even though the British Isles are 
situated as far north as, for example, Labrador? One reason is the 
Gulf Stream, and the prevailing westerly winds (or south-westerly) 
from the Atlantic, and another is the fact that Britain is an island.
The result is that on practically every day of the year, in every 
season, English people have always been able to spend part of the 
time out of doors. And perhaps it explains why the English are so 
fond of games and have invented so many different ways of amusing 
themselves in the open air. It certainly explains why they build 
their houses the way they do. Snow and frost are not the permanent 
feature of the winter scene to most Englishmen, nor is it ever so 
warm in summer that people have to take a siesta, as they do, for 
instance, in Italy and Spain.
The Britons do, however, tend to fool themselves a little about 
the prevailing mildness of the climate. Very occasionally an easterly 
wind from the Continent brings a cold type of weather which may 
persist for several days or weeks. This is when the water-pipes 
always freeze because of outside plumbing (a foreigner who timidly 
suggests that it would be more sensible to build houses with internal 
plumbing gets the maddening answer that it is much easier to have 
the water-pipes on the outside so that they are accessible when they 
do freeze).
By the same token, the very occasional fall of snow always 
seems to take the English by surprise, and studded winter tyres 
are practically unheard of. English homes, with their open fi res, 
rattling sash windows and no thresholds strike the foreigner as 
draughty and cold, whereas the English wander about in their shirtsleeves and make their children wear knee-stockings all the year 
round.

Take a look at the map of the British Isles. You will see that 
the country to the west and north of a line drawn very roughly 
from Exeter in the extreme south-west to Newcastle in the northeast, is mainly high ground, while most of the low ground lies to 
the south and east. You will also see that, running rather like a spine 
or backbone down from the Scottish Border to somewhere in the 
middle of England, we have a line of hills known as the Pennines. 
As a rule, the land to the west has a much higher rainfall than the 
land to the east of this line of hills.
Perhaps the most typically English season is spring, when 
the country is putting on its gay coat of colours after the drabness 
of winter. Foreigners are astonished at the beauty of the parks, the 
greenness of the fi elds and soft colours that are part of this season, 
which is the theme of so much of England’s best known poetry, from 
the Elizabethan “Sweet lovers love the spring” to Browning’s “Oh to 
be in England now that April’s there”.
(From Day-to-Day Britain / by Th. Abrahamsen,
R. Christophersen, R. Nessheim)

4. Scotland

Fires of nationalism fl ared in the 11th century when four 
kingdoms united under the Scots, who had invaded from Ireland 
600 years earlier. Struggles with the English continued even after 
King James IV of Scotland and Margaret Tudor of England were 
wed in 1503, presaging the union of the parliaments in 1707. Kilted 
Highland bagpipers fueled by nips of Scotch whisky may be the 
stereotype, but most Scots live along an industrialized corridor 
linking Edinburgh and Glasgow.
It’s hard to say how many Scots really want independence from 
Great Britain, let alone want it now. “The threat of independence is 
a good thing for Scotland because it frightens the English,” said a 
mordant boilermaker and fi sh merchant named John Sutherland, who 

gave me an earful early one morning at the Aberdeen fi sh market. 
“But we don’t want to go too far. We got to be careful we don’t get 
it.” Since 1707 Scotland has sent its parliamentarians to Westminster, 
but a recent poll found that 46 per cent of Scots want their own 
parliament and an additional 30 per cent want total independence; 
taken together, that’s three-quarters of Scots who favour fundamental 
constitutional change. Many ascribe the current wave of nationalism 
to 17 years of Tory governments they have voted against and 
economic policies that run against their culture’s communalist grain. 
For the Scots, England has been the agency of the mergers, buyouts, 
rationalizations, privatizations, and other “-izations” that have closed 
plants and diverted resources and companies south. “All the English 
do,” one Scotsman snarled, “is cut down our branches to warm 
themselves down there.”
Despite Scots’ hopes that they would be the prime benefi ciaries 
of the 1970 discovery of North Sea oil, almost all the revenues 
have fl owed into the British treasury. Some Scots have acquired 
technological skills and environmental expertise that they hope to 
purvey to the rest of the world even after the East Shetland Basin and 
the seas east of Edinburgh run out of oil and gas. But most have a 
hard time contemplating what will become of them when the wells 
run dry.
Like other postindustrial economies, Scotland is staking much of 
its survival on tourism, which already employs 180,000 people and 
generates more than three billion dollars a year. But it has not kept 
pace with the worldwide tourism boom, and many Scots wonder if 
overseas visitors have grown as weary as they of their nation’s tartan 
image.
After the Battle of Culloden the English ruthlessly suppressed 
Highland culture, outlawing the carrying of shields and swords, the 
wearing of kilts, and even the playing of bagpipes. But by 1822 the 
Highlands were so thoroughly pacifi ed that on his fi rst state visit 
to Edinburgh King George IV allowed Sir Walter Scott to swathe 
his royal rotundity in Stuart tartan. The kilt we see today is a far