Английский язык в бухгалтерском учете и финансах компаний=English in accounting and company finance

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
В БУХГАЛТЕРСКОМ УЧЕТЕ
И ФИНАНСАХ КОМПАНИЙ

Москва

2015

ПРАКТИКУМ
ДЛЯ ВУЗОВ
П

В

Н.П. Татьянченко

Практикум для студентов

ЕNGLISH
IN ACCOUNTING
AND COMPANY FINANCE

УДК 811.111(075.8)(076.5)
ББК 81.2Англ-923
 
Т 23

Татьянченко Н.П.
Английский язык в бухгалтерском учете и финансах 
компаний = English in accounting and company finance : 
практикум для студентов / Н.П. Татьянченко. — М. : 
Гуманитар. изд. центр ВЛАДОС, 2015 — 69 с. — (Практикум 
для вузов).

ISBN 978-5-691-02180-0
Агентство CIP РГБ.

Учебное пособие «Английский язык в бухгалтерском учете и финансах компаний» предназначено для студентов старших курсов и лиц, 
имеющих продвинутый уровень языковой подготовки, которые специализируются на изучении бухгалтерского учета и финансов компаний. 
В связи с переходом российских компаний на общепринятые правила 
бухгалтерского учета, пособие может быть интересным и актуальным 
для тех, кто связан с бухгалтерией и финансами в своей профессиональной деятельности.
С этой целью в пособие включен текстовой материал, который должен служить содержательной основой чтения, говорения и письма. 
Аппарат упражнений позволяет закрепить специальную лексику в упражнениях, а подробный поурочный глоссарий ускоряет процесс нахождения эквивалентов в русском языке.
Пособие включает аутентичные материалы, которые подобраны 
в рамках базовых тем: «Основные принципы бухгалтерского учета», 
«Анализ финансовой отчетности», «Финансовые коэффициенты».

УДК 811.111(075.8)(076.5)
ББК 81.2Англ-923

Т 23

© Татьянченко Н.П., 2015
© ООО «Гуманитарный издательский 
центр ВЛАДОС», 2015
© Оформление. ООО «Гуманитарный 
издательский центр ВЛАДОС», 2015
ISBN 978-5-691-02180-0

Содержание
Contents

Введение ........................................................................................   4

Section I. CONCEPTS AND CONVENTIONS 
OF ACCOUNTING .........................................................................   5
Unit 1. The Concepts and Conventions of Accounting.................   7
Unit 2. Types of Business Entity .................................................. 12
Unit 3. SSAP 12 Accounting for Depreciation ............................. 15

Section II. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 
OF ACCOUNTS ............................................................................. 22
Unit 1. Profit and Loss Account .................................................. 22
Unit 2. Balance Sheet .................................................................. 25
Unit 3. Types of Balance Sheet .................................................... 28
Unit 4. Cash Flow Statement ...................................................... 35
Unit 5. Users of Accounts ............................................................ 39

Section III. COMPANY FINANCE ................................................. 47
Unit 1. Sources of finance for sole traders and partnerships .......... 45
Unit 2. Source of finance for private 
and public limited companies .......................................... 50
Unit 3. Financial Ratios .............................................................. 58

Specialist Vocabulary List ................................................................. 61

Answers ........................................................................................... 67

Введение

Учебное пособие «Английский язык в бухгалтерском учете и финансах компаний» предназначено в качестве факультативного 
курса для студентов старших курсов ф-та ИВЭС и лиц, имеющих 
продвинутый уровень языковой подготовки, которые специализируются на изучении бухгалтерского учета и финансов компаний. В связи с переходом российских компаний на общепринятые 
правила бухгалтерского учета, пособие может быть интересным 
и актуальным для тех, кто, связан с бухгалтерией и финансами 
в своей профессиональной деятельности.
С этой целью в пособие включен текстовой материал, который должен служить содержательной основой чтения, говорения 
и письма. Аппарат упражнений позволяет закрепить специальную 
лексику в упражнениях, а подробный поурочный глоссарий ускоряет процесс нахождения эквивалентов в русском языке.
Пособие включает аутентичные материалы, которые подобраны в рамках базовых тем: «Основные принципы бухгалтерского 
учета», «Анализ финансовой отчетности», «Финансовые коэффициенты».
Конкретные рекомендации по работе с предложенным учебным материалом приводятся в методической записке. 

Section I

CONCEPTS AND CONVENTIONS 
OF ACCOUNTING

There are various possible ways of recording debits and credits, valuing 
assets and liabilities, calculating profits and losses, etc. But there are 
about a dozen generally accepted «accounting principles» that accountants must follow in order to present «a true and fair view» of the company’s finances.
The Accounting Standards Committee (replaced by the Accounting 
Standards Board in 1990) was set up by major accounting bodies to devise 
common standards in the production of accounting statements.

Statements of Standard Accounting Practice (SAAPs)
SAAP 2 Disclosure of Accounting Policies

The SSAP defines three terms:

1. Fundamental Accounting Concepts «broad basic definition, which 
underlie the periodic financial accounts of business enterprises». There 
are four of these and they have statutory backing (the Companies Act 
1985).
They are:
 The going concern concept
 The accruals concept
 Consistency
 Prudence

2. Accounting Bases «the methods which have been developed for 
expressing or applying fundamental accounting concepts to financial 
transactions and items». These bases include methods of charging depreciation on fixed assets, methods used for the valuation of stocks and 
work in progress, treatment and amortization of intangible assets, etc. 
You should recognize these too.

3. Accounting policies «the specific accounting bases judged by business enterprises to be most appropriate to their circumstances, 
and adopted by them for the purpose of preparing their financial accounts». These policies would determine, for example, which method 
was chosen to depreciate a particular fixed asset in a particular industry.
It is assumed that accounting statements will be prepared bearing 
in mind the three terms outlined above.

Section I. Concepts and conventions of accounting

Vocabulary notes

concepts and conventions 
of accounting
принципы и правила бухгалтерского 
учета

generally accepted accounting 
principles
общепризнанные правила 
бухгалтерского учета 

accountant
бухгалтер

accounting statement
бухгалтерский отчет

accounting base
базовые правила и методы учета

accounting policy
учетная политика

record (v)
записывать; регистрировать

debits and credits
дебит и кредит

value(v)
оценивать

assets and liabilities
активы и пассивы

profit and loss
прибыль и убыток

true and fair picture
объективная  и беспристрастная картина (при аудите)

disclosure
раскрытие информации

going concern 
принцип действующего предприятия

accruals
принцип начисления 
(временной определенности доходов 
хоз. деятельности

consistency
принцип постоянства правил бухучета

prudence
принцип осмотрительности

apply (v)
применять

financial transactions and items
финансовые сделки и операции

charge depreciation
начислять амортизацию

fixed assets
основные активы

valuation of stocks
оценка запасов

work in progress
незавершенное производство

intangible assets
нематериальные активы

depreciate(v)
снижать стоимость актива 
в бухгалтерской отчетности

Unit 1. The Concepts and Conventions of Accounting 

Questions to the text:
1. What does the acronym SSAPs stand for?
2. What purpose was the Accounting Standards Committee set up for?
3. Name four fundamental accounting concepts.
4. What do accounting bases include?
5. For what purposes are accounting policies adopted?
6. What would accounting policies determine?

Unit 1

THE CONCEPTS AND CONVENTIONS 
OF ACCOUNTING
1. The going concern concept
The business is assumed to be going to continue in existence for 
the foreseeable future. The business accounts are prepared with this in 
mind. If the business were to close down tomorrow then perhaps the assets would be valued differently.
The major consequence of this concept is that assets are valued at 
cost, not what they would fetch if sold (as a going concern, the business 
will need its assets and therefore not going to sell them).
2. The accruals concept (sometimes called the matching concept)
Accountants are interested in the accounting for the resources in the 
running of the business in a particular time period, not in cash paid out 
to acquire those resources — the two are not necessarily the same.
For example, you ride your motorcycle to college every day. The amount 
of petrol you have used is not necessarily the same as the amount of cash 
you have spent on petrol today.
Businesses pay some time later for certain resources used in the business. 
In other cases they have to pay before they can use the resource.
3. Consistency
The consistency concept requires a company to employ the same 
accounting policy for valuing similar assets both within an accounting 
period and during consecutive accounting periods.
For instance, if a company depreciates certain items of plant on 
the straight-line basis, similar items of plant must be also depreciated 
on the straight-line basis and the straight-line method must also be used 
in the next accounting period.
4. Prudence (sometimes called conservatism)
The concept of prudence prevents companies from anticipating 
profits (e.g. the profit must not be recognized until an item of stock is 
ac tually sold), but requires them to provide for all foreseeable losses 

Section I. Concepts and conventions of accounting

(e.g. if it seems likely that a debt will prove to be bad it must be provided 
for despite the fact that collection remains a possibility).

Vocabulary notes

value at cost
оценивать по себестоимости

depreciate on 
straight-line method 
списывать по методу линейного (прямого) 
списания амортизации

anticipate profit
учитывать прибыль до того как она была 
получена

item of stock
товарная позиция в запасе

recognize
признать; учесть

bad debt
невозвращаемый долг

collection
сбор долгов

provide for
предусматривать

Questions to the text:
1. What assumption is made under the going concern concept?
2. What is the major consequence of the concept?
3. What resources are accounted for under the accruals concept?
4. Do businesses pay for the resources at the moment of their acquisition?
5. What methods are used to assess the depreciation charge?
6. Why is it important to be consistent in using the accounting treatment of the item?
7. What does the concept of prudence prevent the companies from?
8. What is the reason for overstatement of profits?

E x e r c i s e  1
Give English equivalents for:
Комитет бухгалтерских стандартов
бухгалтерский отчет
основные принципы бухгалтерского учета
метод начисления амортизации основных активов
метод оценки запасов и незавершенного производcтва
учет и амортизация нематериальных активов
бухгалтерская политика
принцип непрерывности деятельности
оценить активы по себестоимости
принцип начисления

Unit 1. The Concepts and Conventions of Accounting 

учет ресурсов
платить наличными
принцип постоянства правил бухгалтерского учета
бухгалтерская политика
принцип осмотрительности
возможные потери

There are a number of other concepts (principles), which, although not 
explicably mentioned in SSAP2, are nevertheless important to observe 
when preparing the final accounts of a business.
These will be dealt with now (alongside with those, mentioned above) 
in  the following exercises:

E x e r c i s e  2
A. Match up these six accounting principles with the definitions below:
1. The separate — entity or accounting entity assumption
2. The continuity or going — concern assumption
3. The unit — of — measure assumption
4. The time period or accounting period assumption
5. The historical cost principle
6. The revenue or realization principle
a) All transactions and other items to be recorded must be in a single, supposedly stable monetary unit.
b) An enterprise is an accounting unit separate from its owners, 
creditors, etc.
c) Financial data must be reported for particular (short) periods, 
which makes accrual and deferral necessary.
d) Revenue is realized at the moment when goods are sold (or change 
hands) or when services are rendered.
e) The business will continue indefinitely into the future.
f) The initial price paid for the acquisition of assets is the one that 
is recorded in accounts.
B. Which principles do these sentences refer to?
1. This accords with a company’s legal status as an artificial person.
2. This implies that the current market value of fixed assets is irrelevant 
as they are not for sale.
3. This makes it unnecessary to estimate current market values every 
year.
4. This means that each company has its own financial year (US: fiscal 
year).
5. This requires multinational companies to convert their consolidated 
statements into single currency.

Section I. Concepts and conventions of accounting

6. This is why balance sheets often contain an entry for debtors: goods 
that have been sold, but are not yet paid for.

Accounting Principles (continued)

E x e r c i s e  3
A. Match up these five of the six accounting principles with the definitions 
below:
1. The principle of materiality.
2. The objectivity principle
3. The consistency principle
4. The matching principle
5. The principal of conservatism (or prudence)
6. The duel aspects principal
a) If a user of a financial statement would be misled by the inclusion 
or exclusion of an item of capital expenditure in the appropriate 
accounts, then that item is material
b) The assets of a business are always equal to the liabilities of the 
business.
c) The same methods (of inventory valuation, depreciation etc.) 
must be used from one period to the next.
d) Where alternative accounting methods are possible, one understates rather than overstates profits.
e) All data should be verifiable and free from bias
B. Which principles do these sentences refer to?
1. Accountants provide for losses as soon as they are anticipated. They 
do not acknowledge profits until they are realized. It is much safer 
to understate profits than overstate them.
2. This is one of the justifications for historical cost accounting, which 
requires no subjective assessments of replacement value.
3. This leads to the accrual (accumulation) and deferral (postponement) of costs.
4. This means that insignificant trivial expenses, like each other pencil 
or typewriter ribbon, need not be accounted for separately
5. This prevents companies selecting methods according to the inflation rate, etc.
6. Revenue expenditure is spending on everyday running costs of the 
business

Unit 1. The Concepts and Conventions of Accounting 

Vocabulary Notes

final accounts
заключительный отчет

separate entity
хозяйственная единица

unit of measure assumption
принцип единой денежной 
единицы

time (accounting) period assumption
принцип отчетного периода

historical cost principle
принцип учета по первоначальной 
стоимости

revenue or realization principle
принцип получения доходов 
в момент реализации

deferral
отсрочка

consolidated balance sheet
консолидированная отчетность

principles of materiality
принцип существенности

objectivity principle
принцип объективности

matching principle
принцип соответствия

principle of conservatism (prudence)
принцип осмотрительности

dual aspects principle
принцип двойной записи

E x e r c i s e  4
1. Существуют различные способы дебетовых и кредитовых проводок, оценки активов и обязательств, подсчета прибыли и т.д.
2. Основные принципы бухгалтерского учета необходимы для отражения объективной картины финансового положения компании.
3. Совет по стандартам бухгалтерской отчетности был учрежден 
для разработки общих стандартов в бухгалтерском учете.
4. Основные принципы бухгалтерского учета законодательно закреплены в законе о компаниях.
5. К ним относятся: принципы действующего предприятия, начисления, постоянства правил бухгалтерского учета, принцип 
осмотрительности
6. При подготовке отчетов должны соблюдаться и такие принципы как: принципы существенности, объективности, соответствия, двойной записи и другие.

Section I. Concepts and conventions of accounting

Unit 2

TYPES OF BUSINESS ENTITY

Features of sole traders and partnerships
A sole trader is exactly what it sounds- one person managing their own 
business. This person can employ as many workers as he wishes but does 
not share the finance, control, decision-making or profit with anyone 
else. This form of legal organization has unlimited liability. This means 
that there is no limit to the business debts for which the owner is responsible. Responsibility extends to the possibility of having to sell private possessions to pay off the business debts. This form of organisation 
is only simple for small, simple businesses with few employees and little 
capital.
A partnership is a way of sharing with others the managerial and financial responsibility for a business. Legally a partnership must consist 
of between 2 or 20 partners. Partnerships, like sole traders, usually have 
unlimited liability although limited partnerships are possible.
A partnership allows people to share capital and skills and expertise. 
More finance is available because all the partners can contribute. Although all the partners are responsible for the business’s debts, one partner is not liable for another’s private debts.

Vocabulary Notes

sole trader
компания в индивидуальной собственности

unlimited liability
неограниченная ответственность

business debt
долги компании

partnership
товарищество

managerial &financial 
responsibility
административная и финансовая 
ответственность

contribute
вносить

liable for private debts
ответственность за личные долги

Questions to the text:
1. What is the simplest form of business?
2. Does the owner have sole managerial and financial control?
3. Are profits shared?
4. To what limit does the responsibility of a sole trade extend?
5. What is a partnership?
7. What is a legal requirement for the number of partners?