Learn to Read Science

rdj  811.111(075.8)
aaj  81.432.1я73

ISBN 978-5-89349-572-0
I hƒд=2ель“2"% &ФЛИНТА[,  2003

ISBN 978-5-89349-572-0

k33

j % л л е * 2 , "   = " 2 % ! % " :
*=…д. -,л%л. …=3* m.h. x`unb` (!3*%"%д,2ель),
b.c. peimcnkbd, b.h. q`khqŠp`, }.l. a`qq,
m.a. degem, h.`. Špryemjn, h.m. aha`mnb`,
d.b. bedepmhjnb`, m.h. crpn, l.t. dpngdnb`,
Š.h. jkeyebmhjnb`, m.o. p`teq

n 2 " е 2 “ 2 " е … … / L   ! е д = * 2 % ! 
e.}. apeunbqjhu

Learn to Read Science. j3!“ =…гл,L“*%г%  ƒ/*= дл  
=“C,-!=…2%" [Ýëåêòðîííûé ðåñóðñ]: 3чеK. C%“%K,е / !3*%". 
m.h. x=.%"=. O 17-е ,ƒд., “2е!. O l. : ФЛИНТА, 2019. O 
357 “.

Книга представляет собой комплексный курс английского языка, 
направленный на развитие навыков чтения научной литературы на базе 
знаний, предусмотренных программой по английскому языку для неязыковых вузов. Курс рассчитан в первую очередь на специалистов в области 
точных и естественных наук, но может быть использован и в группах
гуманитарного профиля. Пособие состоит из текстов, сопутствующих
им упражнений, а также заданий по развитию навыков письменной речи 
(умение писать резюме, тезисы и т.п.). В него включено также краткое 
грамматическое приложение, охватывающее материал, предусматриваемый программой подготовки к сдаче кандидатского экзамена по английскому языку.

Курс предназначен для изучения под руководством преподавателя в 
группах аспирантов и научных работников, готовящихся к сдаче кандидатского экзамена, но может быть использован и для самостоятельного 
совершенствования навыков чтения научной литературы по специальности.

k33

rdj  811.111(075.8)
aaj  81.432.1я73

3

[Электронный ресурс] у14-14ISBN 978-5-89349-572-0
© Издательство «ФЛИНТА», 2014

978-0

4
5

4
5

6
7

6
7

8
9

8
9

10
11

10
11

12
13

12
13

14
15

14
15

 16
17

∧
→
16
17

∧
→
18
19

↔Ex. 1.
Identify the passive structures and the logical predicates,
translate the sentences into Russian as shown in the following example.
Ex. 2.
A. Practise orally by using impersonal passive structures
as shown in the following example.
18
19

↔ Ex. 1.
Identify the passive structures and the logical predicates,
translate the sentences into Russian as shown in the following example.
Ex. 2.
A. Practise orally by using impersonal passive structures
as shown in the following example.
20
21

B. Give English equivalents of the following Russian phrases using impersonal passive structures and adverbs “widely,” “generally” where required.
Remember some of the verbs taking a direct object in English but equivalent to Russian verbs followed by a preposition.
Ex. 3. Identify passive structures and give Russian equivalents of the
relevant part of the sentence as shown in the following example.
Remember some of the verbs followed by a preposition which is retained in the passive structure.
Ex. 4. Identify passive structures followed by a preposition and give
Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence as shown
in the following example.
Text 1. 1) Read the text to yourself and be ready for a comprehension
checkup.
20
21

B. Give English equivalents of the following Russian phrases using impersonal passive structures and adverbs “widely,” “generally” where required.
Remember some of the verbs taking a direct object in English but equivalent to Russian verbs followed by a preposition.
Ex. 3. Identify passive structures and give Russian equivalents of the
relevant part of the sentence as shown in the following example.
Remember some of the verbs followed by a preposition which is retained in the passive structure.
Ex. 4. Identify passive structures followed by a preposition and give
Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence as shown
in the following example.
Text 1. 1) Read the text to yourself and be ready for a comprehension
checkup.
22
23

2)
Check up for comprehension.
Remember some of the verbs that may be followed by an indirect object which becomes the subject in the passive structure.
Ex. 5. Identify passive structures and give Russian equivalents of the
relevant part of the sentence as shown in the following example.
Remember the following V. . .Ncombinations and their equivalents:
22
23

2)
Check up for comprehension.
Remember some of the verbs that may be followed by an indirect object which becomes the subject in the passive structure.
Ex. 5. Identify passive structures and give Russian equivalents of the
relevant part of the sentence as shown in the following example.
Remember the following V. . .Ncombinations and their equivalents:
24
25

Ex. 6. Identify passive structures according to Patterns 2b, 2c and give
Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
Text 2. 1) Read the text to yourself and be ready for a comprehension
checkup.
2)
Check up for comprehension.
→→Ex. 7. Identify the predicate and give Russian equivalents of N. . .Ved
as shown in the following example.
24
25

Ex. 6. Identify passive structures according to Patterns 2b, 2c and give
Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
 Text 2. 1) Read the text to yourself and be ready for a comprehension
checkup.
2)
Check up for comprehension.
→→Ex. 7. Identify the predicate and give Russian equivalents of N. . .Ved
as shown in the following example.
26
27

Ex. 8. Identify the structures according to Patterns 3—5 and give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
Text 3. 1) Read the text to yourself and be ready for a comprehension
checkup.
2)
Read the text. Follow the course of events concentrating on the
Ved predicates while omitting the Ved attributes.

Ex. 9.
A.
Identify the structures according to Patterns 1—5 and give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
26
27

Ex. 8. Identify the structures according to Patterns 3—5 and give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
Text 3. 1) Read the text to yourself and be ready for a comprehension
checkup.
2)
Read the text. Follow the course of events concentrating on the
Ved predicates while omitting the Ved attributes.

Ex. 9.
A.
Identify the structures according to Patterns 1—5 and give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
28
29

В.
Give English equivalents of the italicized part of the sentences,
using passive structures and the verbs: to affect, to allow, to
attend, to develop, to deal with, to face, to follow, to make use
of, to refer to.
С.
Translate into English.
Ex. 10. Identify the structures according to Patterns 6—7a and give
Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence as
shown in the following example.
28
29

В.
Give English equivalents of the italicized part of the sentences,
using passive structures and the verbs: to affect, to allow, to
attend, to develop, to deal with, to face, to follow, to make use
of, to refer to.
С.
Translate into English.
Ex. 10. Identify the structures according to Patterns 6—7a and give
Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence as
shown in the following example.
30
31

Remember a few word groups followed by Ving.
Ex. 11. Identify the structures according to Patterns 7b, 8 and give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
Ex. 12. Substitute the proper English words from the list below for the
Russian words in brackets.
30
31

Remember a few word groups followed by Ving.
Ex. 11. Identify the structures according to Patterns 7b, 8 and give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
Ex. 12. Substitute the proper English words from the list below for the
Russian words in brackets.
32
33

Ex. 13. Read the first sentence and complete the second one using
Pattern 9. Make use of the prepositions and the word groups
given below.
Ex. 14. Identify the structures according to Pattern 9 and give Russian
equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
Text 4. 1) Read the text to yourself and be ready for a comprehension
checkup.
2)
Check up for comprehension.
Ex. 15. A. Identify the structures according to the Patterns 6—9 and
give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
32
33

Ex. 13. Read the first sentence and complete the second one using
Pattern 9. Make use of the prepositions and the word groups
given below.
Ex. 14. Identify the structures according to Pattern 9 and give Russian
equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
Text 4. 1) Read the text to yourself and be ready for a comprehension
checkup.
2)
Check up for comprehension.
Ex. 15. A. Identify the structures according to the Patterns 6—9 and
give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
34
35

B.
Give Russian equivalents of the italicized parts of the sentences, using the verbs given below. Mind Pattern 9.
→→Ex. 16. Identify the structures according to Pattern 10; transform them
into clauses as shown above, and give Russian equivalents of
the relevant part of the sentence.
→34
35

B.
Give Russian equivalents of the italicized parts of the sentences, using the verbs given below. Mind Pattern 9.
→→Ex. 16. Identify the structures according to Pattern 10; transform them
into clauses as shown above, and give Russian equivalents of
the relevant part of the sentence.
→36
37

→Ex. 17. Identify the structures according to Pattern 11; transform them
into clauses as shown above and give Russian equivalents of
the relevant part of the sentence.
→→
Ex. 18. Identify the structures according to Pattern 12 and give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
Text 5. 1) Read the text to yourself and be ready for a comprehension
checkup.

36
37

→Ex. 17. Identify the structures according to Pattern 11; transform them
into clauses as shown above and give Russian equivalents of
the relevant part of the sentence.
→→
Ex. 18. Identify the structures according to Pattern 12 and give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
Text 5. 1) Read the text to yourself and be ready for a comprehension
checkup.

38
39

2)
Check up for comprehension.
Ex. 19.
A.
Identify the structures according to Patterns 10—12 and give
Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
B.
Give English equivalents of the italicized part of the sentences.
Ex. 20. Identify the structures according to Patterns 1—12 and give
their Russian equivalents.
38
39

2)
Check up for comprehension.
Ex. 19.
A.
Identify the structures according to Patterns 10—12 and give
Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
B.
Give English equivalents of the italicized part of the sentences.
Ex. 20. Identify the structures according to Patterns 1—12 and give
their Russian equivalents.
40
41

Ex. 21.
A.
Recognize familiar words:
´kaivz´keiɔs´saikl´ouʃənB.
Give two Russian equivalents of different origin.
С.
Make up EnglishRussian pairs of the words equivalent in meaning.
D.
Give Russian equivalents of the following:
Ex. 22. Recognize the words formed according to the following patterns and give their Russian equivalents.
→
→
→
→
→→
→
→
→
→→
→
→
→
→40
41

Ex. 21.
A.
Recognize familiar words:
´kaivz´keiɔs´saikl´ouʃənB.
Give two Russian equivalents of different origin.
С.
Make up EnglishRussian pairs of the words equivalent in meaning.
D.
Give Russian equivalents of the following:
Ex. 22. Recognize the words formed according to the following patterns and give their Russian equivalents.
→
→
→
→
→→
→
→
→
→→
→
→
→
→42
43

→
→
→
→
→→
→
→
→
→↔
↔
↔
↔
↔Ex. 23. Make up singularplural pairs.
Ex. 24. Practise orally in using the names of specialities and sciences.
Ex. 25.
A.
Give adequate Russian equivalents of the italicized words:
42
43

→
→
→
→
→→
→
→
→
→↔
↔
↔
↔
↔Ex. 23. Make up singularplural pairs.
Ex. 24. Practise orally in using the names of specialities and sciences.
Ex. 25.
A.
Give adequate Russian equivalents of the italicized words:
44
45



B.
Make up EnglishRussian pairs of the word groups equivalent in
meaning.
44
45

B.
Make up EnglishRussian pairs of the word groups equivalent in
meaning.
46
47

Ex. 26. Give Russian equivalents of the N'…N''…Nn groups and the hyphenated word groups.
Ex. 27. Give Russian equivalents of the following word combinations:
Ex. 28. Give Russian equivalents of the VAdv. groups.
Ex. 29. Make up EnglishRussian pairs of the word groups equivalent
in meaning.
Ex. 30. Identify the word groups formed according to the following patterns and give their Russian equivalents:
46
47

Ex. 26. Give Russian equivalents of the N'…N''…Nn groups and the hyphenated word groups.
Ex. 27. Give Russian equivalents of the following word combinations:
  Ex. 28. Give Russian equivalents of the VAdv. groups.
Ex. 29. Make up EnglishRussian pairs of the word groups equivalent
in meaning.
Ex. 30. Identify the word groups formed according to the following patterns and give their Russian equivalents:
48
49

Ex. 31. Read the text, concentrating on the “quantity” words. Pay attention to the difference in meaning due to the article used. Give
Russian equivalents of the italicized words.
Ex. 32.
A.
Fill in the blanks with it or its, they or their.
В.
Give Russian equivalents of the italicized words.
Ex. 33. Identify the function of one and give Russian equivalents of the
italicized words.
Ex. 34. Identify the function of this (these) and give Russian equivalents of the italicized words.
Ex. 35. Identify the function of that (those) and give Russian equivalents of the italicized words.
Ex. 36. Substitute the proper nouns for the italicized pronouns.
48
49

Ex. 31. Read the text, concentrating on the “quantity” words. Pay attention to the difference in meaning due to the article used. Give
Russian equivalents of the italicized words.
Ex. 32.
A.
Fill in the blanks with it or its, they or their.
В.
Give Russian equivalents of the italicized words.
Ex. 33. Identify the function of one and give Russian equivalents of the
italicized words.
Ex. 34. Identify the function of this (these) and give Russian equivalents of the italicized words.
Ex. 35. Identify the function of that (those) and give Russian equivalents of the italicized words.
Ex. 36. Substitute the proper nouns for the italicized pronouns.
50
51

I.
Read the introduction to yourself and state its topic (follow the
guide words to the author’s thought equivalent to однако,
скорее, поэтому). Answer the questions: What is the main characteristic of the problems discussed in the four units of this
book? Are the problems discussed in detail and covered in full?

II.
Give Russian equivalents of: an attempt is made, what is presented here is. . . only part of what was said elsewhere.

I.
Look through the text concentrating on the beginning of each
paragraph and write down a plan, either in English or in Russian
(time limit — 10 min.).
50
51

I.
Read the introduction to yourself and state its topic (follow the
guide words to the author’s thought equivalent to однако,
скорее, поэтому). Answer the questions: What is the main characteristic of the problems discussed in the four units of this
book? Are the problems discussed in detail and covered in full?

II.
Give Russian equivalents of: an attempt is made, what is presented here is. . . only part of what was said elsewhere.

I.
Look through the text concentrating on the beginning of each
paragraph and write down a plan, either in English or in Russian
(time limit — 10 min.).
52
53

II.
Paragraph Study.

III.
Look through the paragraphs again and indicate the words and
word groups used to connect the paragraphs and the sentences within them.
I.
1. Read the text again without consulting the dictionary. Identify
7 structures according to pattern 12 and give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence, paying special attention to the choice of Russian conjunctions.

II.
Paragraph Study (consult the dictionary if necessary).

III.
Translate paragraph 5 into Russian.

I.
See if you remember: to meet human needs, to refer to, to distinguish, to encounter difficulties, to emerge, at great expense,
search for truth, to point out.

II.
Look through the text concentrating on the beginning and the
end of each paragraph, and write an outline, either in Russian or
in English (time limit — 10 min.).

53


II.
Paragraph Study.

III.
Look through the paragraphs again and indicate the words and
word groups used to connect the paragraphs and the sentences within them.
I.
1. Read the text again without consulting the dictionary. Identify
7 structures according to pattern 12 and give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence, paying special attention to the choice of Russian conjunctions.

II.
Paragraph Study (consult the dictionary if necessary).

III.
Translate paragraph 5 into Russian.

I.
See if you remember: to meet human needs, to refer to, to distinguish, to encounter difficulties, to emerge, at great expense,
search for truth, to point out.

II.
Look through the text concentrating on the beginning and the
end of each paragraph, and write an outline, either in Russian or
in English (time limit — 10 min.).

55

 III.
Paragraph Study.

54
55

 III.
Paragraph Study.

56
57

IV.
Read the whole text again and see if any corrections should be
made in your original outline. Write an abstract of the text in three
sentences.

I.
1. Read the text without consulting the dictionary, pencilmark
the words that you do not understand. Divide the text into three
parts, copy out the dominant noun in each part and suggest a
title for each part. 2. Identify 19 structures according to Pattern
9 and give their Russian equivalents.

56
57

IV.
Read the whole text again and see if any corrections should be
made in your original outline. Write an abstract of the text in three
sentences.

I.
1. Read the text without consulting the dictionary, pencilmark
the words that you do not understand. Divide the text into three
parts, copy out the dominant noun in each part and suggest a
title for each part. 2. Identify 19 structures according to Pattern
9 and give their Russian equivalents.

58
59

II.
Paragraph Study (consult the dictionary if necessary).

III.
Translate paragraphs 8—12 into Russian.

IV.
Make up a list of words that you have looked up in the dictionary
and give their contextual Russian equivalents.

59

 II.
Paragraph Study (consult the dictionary if necessary).

III.
Translate paragraphs 8—12 into Russian.

IV.
Make up a list of words that you have looked up in the dictionary
and give their contextual Russian equivalents.

61

Tape 1. I. Listen to the following words and expressions:

II.
Listen to the words and expressions again and repeat them after the speaker. Write them down.
III.
Listen to passage 1 and answer the questions:

IV.
Listen to the passage, sentence by sentence, and repeat them
after the speaker.

Tape 2. I. Listen to the following expressions:

II.
Listen to the expressions again and repeat them after the speaker. Write them down.
III.
Listen to passage 2 and answer the questions:

IV.
Listen to the passage, sentence by sentence, and repeat them
after the speaker.

Tape 3. I. Listen to the following words and expressions:

II.
Listen to the words and expressions again and repeat them after the speaker. Write them down.
III.
Listen to passage 3 and answer the questions:

IV.
Listen to the text, sentence by sentence, and repeat them after
the speaker.

Tape 4. I. Listen to the following words and expressions:

II.
Listen to the words and expressions again and repeat them after the speaker. Write them down.

61

Tape 1. I. Listen to the following words and expressions:

II.
Listen to the words and expressions again and repeat them after the speaker. Write them down.
III.
Listen to passage 1 and answer the questions:

IV.
Listen to the passage, sentence by sentence, and repeat them
after the speaker.

Tape 2. I. Listen to the following expressions:

II.
Listen to the expressions again and repeat them after the speaker. Write them down.
III.
Listen to passage 2 and answer the questions:

IV.
Listen to the passage, sentence by sentence, and repeat them
after the speaker.

Tape 3. I. Listen to the following words and expressions:

II.
Listen to the words and expressions again and repeat them after the speaker. Write them down.
III.
Listen to passage 3 and answer the questions:

IV.
Listen to the text, sentence by sentence, and repeat them after
the speaker.

Tape 4. I. Listen to the following words and expressions:

II.
Listen to the words and expressions again and repeat them after the speaker. Write them down.

63

III.
Listen to passage 4 and answer the questions:

IV.
Listen to the text, sentence by sentence, and repeat them after
the speaker.

Tape 5. I. Listen to the following words and expressions:

II.
Listen to the words and expressions again and repeat them after the speaker. Write them down.
III.
Listen to passage 5 and answer the questions:

IV.
Listen to the passage, sentence by sentence, and repeat them
after the speaker.

↔62
63

III.
Listen to passage 4 and answer the questions:

IV.
Listen to the text, sentence by sentence, and repeat them after
the speaker.

Tape 5. I. Listen to the following words and expressions:

II.
Listen to the words and expressions again and repeat them after the speaker. Write them down.
III.
Listen to passage 5 and answer the questions:

IV.
Listen to the passage, sentence by sentence, and repeat them
after the speaker.

↔64
65

Remember the infinitives and infinitive phrases commonly used to connect sentences in the text.
Ex. 1.
A.
Identify the infinitives according to Patterns 13—15 and give
Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
B.
Give English equivalents of the italicized parts of the sentences.
64
65

Remember the infinitives and infinitive phrases commonly used to connect sentences in the text.
Ex. 1.
A.
Identify the infinitives according to Patterns 13—15 and give
Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
B.
Give English equivalents of the italicized parts of the sentences.
66
67

Remember the infinitives commonly used in Pattern 16.3.
Ex. 2.
A.
Identify the structures according to Pattern 16 and give Russian
equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
B.
Identify the structures according to Pattern 16 including perfect infinitive and give Russian equivalents of the relevant part
of the sentence.
→Ex. 3. Look through lists А, В, С and make up various meaningful sentences according to Pattern 17.
66
67

Remember the infinitives commonly used in Pattern 16.3.
Ex. 2.
A.
Identify the structures according to Pattern 16 and give Russian
equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
B.
Identify the structures according to Pattern 16 including perfect infinitive and give Russian equivalents of the relevant part
of the sentence.
→Ex. 3. Look through lists А, В, С and make up various meaningful sentences according to Pattern 17.
68
69

Ex. 4.
A.
Identify the structure according to Pattern 17 and give Russian
equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
B.
Give English equivalents of the italicized part of the sentences.
→→Ex. 5.
A.
Identify the structures according to Pattern 18 and give Russian
equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
B.
Translate into English using Pattern 18.
Text 6. 1) Read the text to yourself and be ready for a comprehension
checkup.
68
69

Ex. 4.
A.
Identify the structure according to Pattern 17 and give Russian
equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
B.
Give English equivalents of the italicized part of the sentences.
→→Ex. 5.
A.
Identify the structures according to Pattern 18 and give Russian
equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
B.
Translate into English using Pattern 18.
Text 6. 1) Read the text to yourself and be ready for a comprehension
checkup.
70
71

2)
Check up for comprehension.
Ex. 6. A. Identify the infinitive according to Patterns 13—18 and give
Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
B.
Translate into English.
→70
71

2)
Check up for comprehension.
Ex. 6. A. Identify the infinitive according to Patterns 13—18 and give
Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
B.
Translate into English.
→72
73

Ex. 7.
A.
Identify the structures according to Pattern 19 and practise orally
as shown in the following example.
B.
Give English equivalents of:
С.
To distinguish between N. . .Ved and N. . .Inf. give Russian
equivalents of:
Remember some of the verbs commonly used in Pattern 20.
72
73

Ex. 7.
A.
Identify the structures according to Pattern 19 and practise orally
as shown in the following example.
B.
Give English equivalents of:
С.
To distinguish between N. . .Ved and N. . .Inf. give Russian
equivalents of:
Remember some of the verbs commonly used in Pattern 20.
74
75

Ex. 8. Identify the structures according to Pattern 20 and give Russian
equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
Ex. 9. Learn to distinguish between indefinite and perfect infinitives in
Pattern 20. Translate the sentences into Russian.
Ex. 10. Learn to distinguish between active and passive infinitives in
Pattern 20. Translate the sentences into Russian,
Ex. 11. Learn to distinguish between three different structures shown
in the following example. Translate the sentences into Russian.
 Text 7. 1) Read the text to yourself and be ready for a comprehension
checkup.
74
75

Ex. 8. Identify the structures according to Pattern 20 and give Russian
equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
Ex. 9. Learn to distinguish between indefinite and perfect infinitives in
Pattern 20. Translate the sentences into Russian.
Ex. 10. Learn to distinguish between active and passive infinitives in
Pattern 20. Translate the sentences into Russian,
Ex. 11. Learn to distinguish between three different structures shown
in the following example. Translate the sentences into Russian.
Text 7. 1) Read the text to yourself and be ready for a comprehension
checkup.
76
77

2)
Check up for comprehension.
Ex. 12.
A.
Identify the structures according to Patterns 19 and 20 and
give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.

 B.
Translate the following into English using Patterns 19 and 20.
76
77

2)
Check up for comprehension.
Ex. 12.
A.
Identify the structures according to Patterns 19 and 20 and
give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
 B.
Translate the following into English using Patterns 19 and 20.
78
79

Ex. 13. Look through lists A, B, C and make up various meaningful sentences according to Pattern 21.
Ex. 14. Translate the following into English using Pattern 21.
Ex. 15. Identify the structures according to Pattern 21 and give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
→→→Remember some of the verbs used to connect N with an Infinitive in
Pattern 22.
78
79

Ex. 13. Look through lists A, B, C and make up various meaningful sentences according to Pattern 21.
Ex. 14. Translate the following into English using Pattern 21.
Ex. 15. Identify the structures according to Pattern 21 and give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
→→→Remember some of the verbs used to connect N with an Infinitive in
Pattern 22.
80
81

 Ex. 16.
A.
Identify the structures according to Pattern 22 and transform
them as shown above.
B.
Render in English, using pattern 22.
Ex. 17.
A.
Learn to distinguish between indefinite and perfect infinitives
in Pattern 22. Translate the sentences into Russian.
B.
Translate the sentences into Russian (mind the negation).
C.
Identify the structures according to Pattern 22 and give Russian
equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
D.
Identify the structures according to Pattern 22 and give Russian
equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
Ex. 18. Identify the structures according to Patterns 21—22 and give
Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
80
81

Ex. 16.
A.
Identify the structures according to Pattern 22 and transform
them as shown above.
B.
Render in English, using pattern 22.
Ex. 17.
A.
Learn to distinguish between indefinite and perfect infinitives
in Pattern 22. Translate the sentences into Russian.
B.
Translate the sentences into Russian (mind the negation).
C.
Identify the structures according to Pattern 22 and give Russian
equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
D.
Identify the structures according to Pattern 22 and give Russian
equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
Ex. 18. Identify the structures according to Patterns 21—22 and give
Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
82
83

Text 8. 1) Read the text to yourself and be ready for a comprehension
checkup.
2)
Check up for comprehension.
Ex. 19.
A.
Identify the structures according to Patterns 21 and 22 and
give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
B.
Translate the following into English using Patterns 21 and 22:
82
83

Text 8. 1) Read the text to yourself and be ready for a comprehension
checkup.
2)
Check up for comprehension.
Ex. 19.
A.
Identify the structures according to Patterns 21 and 22 and
give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
B.
Translate the following into English using Patterns 21 and 22:
84
85

Ex. 20. Identify the structures according to Patterns 13 through 22 and
give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
Ex. 21. A. Recognize familiar words:
himou ´gloubin      ´mɔlikjul´haiərɑkiskeilju´nikB.
Give two Russian equivalents of different origin.
C.
Make up EnglishRussian pairs.
D.
Give Russian equivalents of the following:
84
85

Ex. 20. Identify the structures according to Patterns 13 through 22 and
give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
Ex. 21. A. Recognize familiar words:
himou ´gloubin      ´mɔlikjul´haiərɑkiskeilju´nikB.
Give two Russian equivalents of different origin.
C.
Make up EnglishRussian pairs.
D.
Give Russian equivalents of the following:
86
87

Ex. 22. Recognize the words formed according to the following patterns and give their Russian equivalents.
→
→
→
→
→→
→
→
→
→→
→
→
→
→→
→
→
→
→↔
↔
↔
↔
↔Ex. 23. Group the words of the same prefix, give Russian equivalents
of the words, and explain the meaning of the prefixes.
Ex. 24.
A.
Group the words according to their spelling and meaning to
form two families. Give their Russian equivalents, use the dictionary if necessary.
B.
Make up EnglishRussian pairs of word groups equivalent in
meaning.
С.
In the sentences below recognize the words belonging to the
above families and give their Russian equivalents.
86
87

Ex. 22. Recognize the words formed according to the following patterns and give their Russian equivalents.
→
→
→
→
→→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→→
→
→
→
→↔
↔
↔
↔
↔Ex. 23. Group the words of the same prefix, give Russian equivalents
of the words, and explain the meaning of the prefixes.
Ex. 24.
A.
Group the words according to their spelling and meaning to
form two families. Give their Russian equivalents, use the dictionary if necessary.
B.
Make up EnglishRussian pairs of word groups equivalent in
meaning.
С.
In the sentences below recognize the words belonging to the
above families and give their Russian equivalents.
88
89

Ex. 25. Give adequate Russian equivalents of the italicized words.
88
89

Ex. 25. Give adequate Russian equivalents of the italicized words.
90
91

Ex. 26. Compare the meanings of the three English verbs and give Russian equivalents of the italicized words.
 Ex. 27. In the sentences below recognize the words that are similar in
meaning and give their Russian equivalents.
A.
Find three words meaning «неодинаковый».
B.
Find three words meaning «в настоящее время».
C.
Find three words meaning «главный, основной».
90
91

Ex. 26. Compare the meanings of the three English verbs and give Russian equivalents of the italicized words.
 Ex. 27. In the sentences below recognize the words that are similar in
meaning and give their Russian equivalents.
A.
Find three words meaning «неодинаковый».
B.
Find three words meaning «в настоящее время».
C.
Find three words meaning «главный, основной».
92
93

Ex. 28. Give Russian equivalents of the N'…N''…Nn groups and the hyphenated word groups.
Ex. 29. Give Russian equivalents of the following word groups:
Ex. 30. Give Russian equivalents of V. . .Adv. groups.
Ex. 31. Make up EnglishRussian pairs of the word groups equivalent
in meaning.
Ex. 32. From the list below choose the English equivalents of the italicized Russian phrases.
92
93

Ex. 28. Give Russian equivalents of the N'…N''…Nn groups and the hyphenated word groups.
Ex. 29. Give Russian equivalents of the following word groups:


Ex. 30. Give Russian equivalents of V. . .Adv. groups.
Ex. 31. Make up EnglishRussian pairs of the word groups equivalent
in meaning.
Ex. 32. From the list below choose the English equivalents of the italicized Russian phrases.
94
95


Ex. 33. Read the text, concentrating on some, any, no, and their derivatives. Give Russian equivalents of the italicized words.
Ex. 34. Identify the structures including that and give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
Ex. 35. Identify the structures including what and give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
Ex. 36. Identify the element described by “whichclause” and give Russian equivalents of which.
 Ex. 37.
A.
Give English equivalents of the italicized part of the sentence
using that, which or what.
94
95

Ex. 33. Read the text, concentrating on some, any, no, and their derivatives. Give Russian equivalents of the italicized words.
Ex. 34. Identify the structures including that and give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
Ex. 35. Identify the structures including what and give Russian equivalents of the relevant part of the sentence.
Ex. 36. Identify the element described by “whichclause” and give Russian equivalents of which.
Ex. 37.
A.
Give English equivalents of the italicized part of the sentence
using that, which or what.
96
97

В.
Choose English equivalents for the italicized part of the sentence
from: who, which, which of, what.
Ex. 38. Give Russian equivalents of whether. . .N1. . .Vf.
I.
Read the introduction and answer the questions: How does the
author characterize the topic of the discussion? What does the
author say about the scientists contributing to the discussion? Why
are physics and molecular biology chosen to represent science
as a whole? Along what lines will the discussion be carried on?

II.
Give Russian equivalents of: the topic. . . seems to suggest itself; . . .to present the respective cases; . . .have a direct bearing on; . . .contributor. Explain the difference between the verbs
to present and to represent.

I.
Look through the text, divide it into an introduction and two parts
in accordance with the title (time limit — 10 min.).
96
97

В.
Choose English equivalents for the italicized part of the sentence
from: who, which, which of, what.
Ex. 38. Give Russian equivalents of whether. . .N1. . .Vf.
I.
Read the introduction and answer the questions: How does the
author characterize the topic of the discussion? What does the
author say about the scientists contributing to the discussion? Why
are physics and molecular biology chosen to represent science
as a whole? Along what lines will the discussion be carried on?

II.
Give Russian equivalents of: the topic. . . seems to suggest itself; . . .to present the respective cases; . . .have a direct bearing on; . . .contributor. Explain the difference between the verbs
to present and to represent.

I.
Look through the text, divide it into an introduction and two parts
in accordance with the title (time limit — 10 min.).
98
99

II.
Paragraph Study.

98
99


II.
Paragraph Study.



100
101

I.
Read the whole text again (without consulting the dictionary). In
paragraphs 5 through 7 identify the structures according to Patterns: 17 (3 strs), 18 (1 str.), 20 (3 strs), 21 (1 str.), 22 (4 strs),
and give their Russian equivalents.
II.
Paragraph Study (consult the dictionary if necessary).

III.
Translate paragraphs 6 and 7 into Russian.
IV.
Look through the text again and say whether the author answers
his opening question.

I.
See if you remember: to some extent; social implications; to
come into being; out of the scope; arbitrarily; distinction; to borrow; in spite of; exhaustion (to exhaust); to guess.
II.
Look through the text concentrating on the beginning of each
paragraph and write an outline, either in Russian or in English
(time limit — 10 min.).
 100
101

I.
Read the whole text again (without consulting the dictionary). In
paragraphs 5 through 7 identify the structures according to Patterns: 17 (3 strs), 18 (1 str.), 20 (3 strs), 21 (1 str.), 22 (4 strs),
and give their Russian equivalents.
II.
Paragraph Study (consult the dictionary if necessary).

III.
Translate paragraphs 6 and 7 into Russian.
IV.
Look through the text again and say whether the author answers
his opening question.

I.
See if you remember: to some extent; social implications; to
come into being; out of the scope; arbitrarily; distinction; to borrow; in spite of; exhaustion (to exhaust); to guess.
II.
Look through the text concentrating on the beginning of each
paragraph and write an outline, either in Russian or in English
(time limit — 10 min.).
102
103

III.
Paragraph Study.

IV.
Read the whole text again and see if any corrections should be
made in the original outline. Write an abstract of the text in three
sentences.

I.
1. Read the text without consulting the dictionary, pencilmark
the words that you do not understand. Make up a list of problems which the author expects physicists to be primarily concerned with in the nearest future. 2. Copy out sentences which
may serve as illustrations to Patterns 13—22 (one sentence for
each pattern).
102
103

III.
Paragraph Study.

 IV.
Read the whole text again and see if any corrections should be
made in the original outline. Write an abstract of the text in three
sentences.

I.
1. Read the text without consulting the dictionary, pencilmark
the words that you do not understand. Make up a list of problems which the author expects physicists to be primarily concerned with in the nearest future. 2. Copy out sentences which
may serve as illustrations to Patterns 13—22 (one sentence for
each pattern).
104
105

104
105

106
107

II.
Paragraph Study (consult the dictionary if necessary).

III.
Translate paragraphs 4 and 5 into Russian.
IV.
Make up a list of words that you have looked up in the dictionary
and give their contextual Russian equivalents.

Tape 1. I. Listen to the following words and expressions:

II.
Listen to the words and expressions again and repeat them after the speaker. Write them down.

III.
Listen to passage 1 and answer the questions:

IV.
Listen to the passage, sentence by sentence, and repeat them
after the speaker.

107

II.
Paragraph Study (consult the dictionary if necessary).

III.
Translate paragraphs 4 and 5 into Russian.
IV.
Make up a list of words that you have looked up in the dictionary
and give their contextual Russian equivalents.

Tape 1. I. Listen to the following words and expressions:

II.
Listen to the words and expressions again and repeat them after the speaker. Write them down.

III.
Listen to passage 1 and answer the questions:

IV.
Listen to the passage, sentence by sentence, and repeat them
after the speaker.

109

Tape 2. I. Listen to the following words and expressions:

II.
Listen to the words and expressions again and repeat them after the speaker. Write them down.
III.
Listen to passage 2 and answer the questions:

IV.
Listen to the passage, sentence by sentence, and repeat them
after the speaker.

Tape 3. I. Listen to the following words and expressions:

II.
Listen to the words and expressions again and repeat them after the speaker. Write them down.
III.
Listen to passage 3 and answer the questions:

IV.
Listen to the passage, sentence by sentence, and repeat them
after the speaker.
↔108
109

Tape 2. I. Listen to the following words and expressions:

II.
Listen to the words and expressions again and repeat them after the speaker. Write them down.
III.
Listen to passage 2 and answer the questions:

IV.
Listen to the passage, sentence by sentence, and repeat them
after the speaker.

Tape 3. I. Listen to the following words and expressions:

II.
Listen to the words and expressions again and repeat them after the speaker. Write them down.
III.
Listen to passage 3 and answer the questions:

IV.
Listen to the passage, sentence by sentence, and repeat them
after the speaker.
↔110
111

→→Ex. 1. Read the texts. Recognize modal verbs, and choose the proper
Russian equivalents from the lists below.
must

have to

need (not)

be to

shall

2. If there10. He who is born to be hanged shall
neve(rare)

Modal
Verb
Situation I: Initiation
of N...V
Situation II: Assessment
of the probability of N...V