Современные проблемы сервиса и туризма, 2017, том 11, № 1

Современные проблемы 
сервиса и туризма

Научно-практический журнал

2017
Том 11 №1

УЧРЕДИТЕЛЬ:
Федеральное государственное 
бюджетное образовательное 
учреждение высшего образования 
«Российский государственный 
университет туризма и сервиса» 
(Москва).
Журнал основан в 2007 г.
Выходит 4 раза в год.

ОСНОВНЫЕ СВЕДЕНИЯ
О ЖУРНАЛЕ:
DOI: 10.22412/1995–0411
ISSN: 1995–0411
eISSN: 2414–9063
Зарегистрирован в Федеральной 
службе по надзору за соблюдением 
законодательства в сфере массовых 
коммуникаций и охране культурного 
наследия (свид-во о регистрации СМИ 
ПИФС77–31758 от 25.04.2008 г.).
Включен в Перечень ведущих 
рецензируемых научных журналов 
и изданий ВАК РФ (распоряжение 
Минобрнауки России № Р-161 от 
30.09.2015), в которых могут быть 
опубликованы основные результаты 
диссертационных исследований.
Включен в наукометрические базы 
РИНЦ, ERIH PLUS, Google Scholar, 
UlrichsWeb и др., индексируется 
в базе данных научной электронной 
библиотеки eLibrary.ru.

Ссылки на журнал при цитировании 
обязательны. Редколлегия не всегда 
разделяет высказанные авторами 
публикаций мнения, позиции, 
положения, но предоставляет 
возможность для научной дискуссии.

ПОДПИСКА НА ЖУРНАЛ:
Индекс в объединенном каталоге 
«Пресса России» –  Р81607;
через Интернет на сайтах arpk.org, 
pressa-rf.ru, ural-press.ru, delpress.ru; 
редакторская подписка:
editor@spst-journal.org

КОНТАКТЫ:
Адрес редакции: 141221, РФ,
Московская обл., Пушкинский р-н, 
д. п. Черкизово, ул. Главная, 99, к. 1.
Тел./факс: (495) 940-83-61, 62, 63, доб. 
395; моб. +7(967) 246-35-69
Web: http://spst-journal.org
e-mail: redkollegiaMGUS@mail.ru,
editor@spst-journal.org

ОТПЕЧАТАНО:
ГУП МО «Коломенская типография», 
100400, МО, г. Коломна, 
ул. 3-го Интернационала, 2а.
Тел.: (496)618-60-16,  
fax: (496)618-62-87
http://www.kolomna-print.ru
Усл. печ. л. 7. Тираж 500 экз.
Заказ № 79

ПЕРЕВОД: 
Афанасьева А.В. –  к.геогр.н., доц.

ГЛАВНЫЙ РЕДАКТОР

Афанасьев О.Е. –  Российский государственный университет туризма и сервиса, лауреат 
Государственной премии Украины в области образования, д.геогр.н., проф.

РЕДАКЦИОННЫЙ СОВЕТ

Федулин А.А. –  и. о. ректора Российского государственного университета туризма 
и сервиса, д.ист.н., профессор, Председатель редакционного совета;
Сафаралиев Г.К. –  депутат ГД Федерального Собрания РФ, член-корреспондент РАН, 
д.физ. –  мат.н., проф.
Шпилько С.П. –  Президент Российского Союза Туриндустрии, член Делового совета 
Всемирной туристической организации (UNWTO), к.экон.н.
Александрова А.Ю. –  Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова, Лауреат Премии Правительства Российской Федерации в области туризма, 
д.геогр.н., проф.
Василенко В.А. –  Крымский федеральный университет имени В.И. Вернадского, Заслуженный деятель науки и техники Украины, д.экон.н., проф.
Ветитнев А.М. –  Сочинский государственный университет, д.экон.н., проф.
Платонова Н.А. –  Российский государственный университет туризма и сервиса, 
д.экон.н., проф.
Ульянченко Л.А. –  Российский государственный университет туризма и сервиса, 
д.экон.н., проф.

МЕЖДУНАРОДЫЙ РЕДАКЦИОННЫЙ СОВЕТ

Андрадес-Калдито Л. –  Университет Эстремадуры (Испания), координатор NETOUR, 
PhD, проф.
Бейдик А.А. –  Киевский национальный университет им. Тараса Шевченко (Украина), 
д.геогр.н., проф.
Влодарчик Б. –  Лодзинский университет (Польша), директор Института географии 
городов и туризма, PhD, проф.
Диманш Ф. –  Университет Райерсона (Канада), директор Школы гостеприимства 
и туристического менеджмента Теда Роджерса, PhD, проф.
Дуайер Л. –  Университет Нового Южного Уэльса (Австралия), PhD, проф.
Иванов С.Х. –  Варненский университет менеджмента (Болгария), PhD, проф.
Корстанье М.Э. –  Университет Палермо (Аргентина), PhD, ст. науч. сотр.
Милева-Божанова С.В. –  Софийский университет Святого Климента Охридского 
(Болгария), PhD, проф.
Мюллер Д. –  Университет Умео (Швеция), PhD, проф.
Неделиа А.-М. –  Сучавский университет им. Штефана чел Маре (Румыния), PhD, доц.
Пулидо-Фернандес Х.И. –  Университет Хаэна (Испания), PhD, проф.
Радж Р. –  Городской университет Лидса (Великобритания), PhD
Речкоски Р. –  Государственный университет Святого Климента Охридского (Македония), д.юрид.н., проф.
Сааринен Я.Ю. –  Университет Оулу (Финляндия), вице-президент Международного 
географического союза (IGU), PhD, проф.
Сигала М. –  Университет Южной Австралии (Австралия), PhD, проф.
Теркенли Ф. –  Университет Эгейского моря (Греция), PhD, проф.
Тюрнер Л.У. –  Университет Виктории (Австралия), PhD, проф. –  исслед.
Уонхилл С.Р.Ч. –  Лимерикский университет (Ирландия), PhD, адъюнкт-проф.
Фу Я.-И. –  Индианский университет –  Университет Пердью в Индианаполисе (США), 
PhD, доц.
Холл К.М. –  Университет Кентербери (Новая Зеландия), PhD, проф.
Хью-Августис С. –  Государственный университет Болл (США), PhD, проф.
Шовал Н. –  Еврейский университет в Иерусалиме (Израиль), PhD, проф.

РЕДАКЦИОННАЯ КОЛЛЕГИЯ

Вапнярская О.И. –  Российский государственный университет туризма и сервиса, 
к.экон.н., доц.
Кривошеева Т.М. –  Российский государственный университет туризма и сервиса, 
к.экон.н., доц.
Лагусев Ю.М. –  Российский государственный университет туризма и сервиса, д.пед.н., 
проф.
Морозов М.А. – Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации, 
д.экон.н., проф.
Николаев Е.М. –  Московский гуманитарный университет, генеральный директор Группы компаний «Путешественник-traveller», к.экон.н., доц.
Саенко Н.Р. –  Московский политехнический университет, д.филос.н., проф.

ОТВЕТСТВЕННЫЙ СЕКРЕТАРЬ: Логачева И.Н.

Service & Tourism: 
Current Challenges 

Scientific and practical journal

2017
Vol. 11 №1

PUBLISHER:
Russian State University
of Tourism and Service (RF, Moscow).
Founded in 2007.
Published 4 issues a year.

BASIC INFORMATION
ABOUT THE JOURNAL:
DOI: 10.22412/1995–0411
ISSN: 1995–0411
eISSN: 2414–9063
Journal registered by the Federal Service 
for Supervision of Legislation in Mass 
Communications and Cultural Heritage 
Protection, RF
(Reg. ПИФС 77–21758 issued 
25.04.2008).
Peer-reviewed journal.
The journal was included in the list of 
the leading peer-reviewed scientific 
journals recommended by the Higher 
Attestation Commission for publication 
of thesis results.
The journal is included in the Russian 
Science Citation Index, ERIH PLUS, 
Google Scholar, UlrichsWeb, etc.
The journal is available in the Scientific 
Electronic Library (http://elibrary.ru).
All rights reserved.
Citation with reference only.
Disclaimer: http://stcc-journal.org/
index/disclaimer/0–36

CONTACTS:
Editorial office: 141221, Russia, Moscow 
region, Pushkino district, village 
Cherkizovo, 99 Glavnaja str., build. 1.
Tel./fax: +7.495.940 8361, 62, 63, add. 
395; mob. +7.967.246 3569
Web: http://stcc-journal.org
e-mail: redkollegiaMGUS@mail.ru,
editor@spst-journal.org

EXECUTIVE SECRETARY:
Irina N. Logacheva

INTERPRETER:
Alexandra V. Afanasieva,
PhD in Geography

EDITORS
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

Oleg E. Afanasiev –  Russian State University of Tourism and Service (RF, Moscow), PhD 
(Dr. Sc.) in Geography, Professor, Laureate of the State Prize of Ukraine in the sphere of 
education

EDITORIAL COUNCIL

Alexander A. Fedulin –  Russian State University of Tourism and Service (RF, Moscow), PhD 
(Dr. Sc.) in History, Professor, Chairman of Editorial Council
Gadzhimet K. Safaraliev –  Chairman of the State Duma RF (RF, Moscow), PhD (Dr. Sc.), Professor
Sergey P. Shpil’ko –  Chairman of Moscow Tourism Committee (RF, Moscow), President of 
the Russian Union of Travel Industry, member of the Business Council of the World Tourism 
Organization, PhD in Economics
Anna Yu. Aleksandrova –  Lomonosov Moscow State University (RF, Moscow), PhD (Dr. Sc.) 
in Geography, Professor
Valentin A. Vasilenko –  Taurida National V. Vernadsky University (Crimea, Simferopol), PhD 
(Dr. Sc.) in Economics, Professor
Alexander M. Vetitnev –  Sochi State University (RF, Sochi), PhD (Dr. Sc.) in Economics, Professor
Nataliya A. Platonova –  Russian State University of Tourism and Service (RF, Moscow), PhD 
(Dr. Sc.) in Economics, Professor
Ljudmila A. Ulyanchenko –  Russian State University of Tourism and Service (RF, Moscow), 
PhD (Dr. Sc.) in Economics, Professor

INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL COUNCIL

Lidia Andrades-Caldito –  University of Extremadura (Spain, Caceres), NeTour Coordinator, 
PhD in Economics, Professor
Аlexander A. Bejdyk –  Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (Ukraine, Kyiv), PhD 
(Dr. Sc.) in Geography, Professor
Frederic Dimanche –  Ryerson University (Canada, Toronto), Director of the Ted Rogers 
School of Hospitality and Tourism Management, PhD, Professor
Larry Dwyer –  University of New South Wales (Australia, Sydney), School of Marketing, 
Australian Business School, PhD, Professor
Yao-Yi Fu –  Indiana University –  Purdue University Indianapolis (USA, Indianapolis), PhD, 
Associate Professor
C. Michael Hall –  University of Canterbury (New Zealand, Christchurch), PhD, Professor
Sotiris Hji-Avgoustis –  Ball State University (USA, Muncie, Indiana), PhD, Professor
Stanislav H. Ivanov –  Varna University of Management (Bulgaria, Varna), Vice Rector for 
Academic Affairs and Research, PhD, Professor
Maximiliano E. Korstanje –  University of Palermo (Argentina, Buenos Aires), PhD, Senior 
Researchers
Sonia V. Mileva-Bojanova –  Sofia University «St. Kliment Ohridski» (Bulgaria, Sofia), PhD 
(Dr. Sc.), Professor
Dieter K. Müller –  Umea University (Sweden, Umea), PhD, Professor
Alexandru-M. Nedelea –  Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava (Romania, Suceava), PhD, 
Associate Professor
Juan I. Pulido-Fernandez –  University of Jaen (Spain, Jaen), PhD, Associate Professor
Razaq Raj –  Leeds Beckett University (UK, Leeds), PhD
Risto Rechkoski –  State University «Sv. Kliment Ohridski» (FYROM/Macedonia, Bitola, 
Ohrid), PhD (Dr. Sc.) in Law, Professor
Jarkko J. Saarinen –  University of Oulu (Finland, Oulu), Vice-President of the International 
Geographical Union (IGU), PhD, Professor
Noam Shoval –  Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Israel, Jerusalem), PhD, Professor
Marianna Sigala –  University of South Australia (Australia, Adelaide), PhD, Professor
Theano S. Terkenli –  University of the Aegean (Greece, Mytilene), PhD, Professor
Lindsay W. Turner –  Victoria University (Australia, Melbourne), College of Business, PhD, 
Research Professor
Stephen R.C. Wanhill –  University of Limerick (Ireland, Limerick), PhD, Adjunct Professor
Bogdan Wlodarczyk –  University of Lodz (Poland, Lodz), Director of the Institute of Urban 
and Tourism, PhD, Professor

EDITORIAL BOARD

Ol’ga I. Vapnyarskaya –  Russian State University of Tourism and Service (RF, Moscow), PhD in 
Economics, Associate Professor
Tatiana M. Krivosheeva –  Russian State University of Tourism and Service (RF, Moscow), PhD 
in Economics, Associate Professor
Yuriy M. Lagusev –  Russian State University of Tourism and Service (RF, Moscow), PhD 
(Dr. Sc.) in Pedagogic, Professor
Mikhail A. Morozov – Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation 
(RF, Moscow), PhD (Dr.Sc.) in Economics, Professor
Evgeniy M. Nikolaev –  Moscow University for the Humanities (RF, Moscow), Director General 
of Tourism of the «Puteshestvennik-Traveller», PhD in Economics, Associate Professor
Natalya R. Saenko –  Moscow Polytechnic University (RF, Moscow), PhD (Dr. Sc.) in Philosophy, Professor

Содержание

5

КОЛОНКА ГЛАВНОГО РЕДАКТОРА 

Проблемы устойчивого развития туристского сервиса и дестинаций

ЛОКАЛЬНОЕ В ГЛОБАЛЬНОМ: ФОРМУЛА ТУРИЗМА 

7

Корстанье М.Э., Сколл Д.Р.
Исследование основных принципов архетипа американизма:  
страх выезда за границу

18

Саранча М.А.
Конкурентоспособность туристской сферы стран мира как основа устойчивого развития:
методология и результаты оценки

25

Подсолонко В.А., Подсолонко Е. А.
Стратегия мультипликативного развития иностранного туризма в России

35

Медведев А.А., Алексеенко Н.А., Васёв М.К.
Роль туристских тактильных произведений в формировании доступной  
городской среды

43

Морозов М.А., Морозова Н.С.
Инфраструктура туризма как базис вовлечения нематериального культурного наследия
в индустрию туризма и гостеприимства

РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ТУРИСТСКОГО СЕРВИСА 

50

Балынин К.А.
Региональные традиции производства и потребления алкогольной продукции:
вовлеченность в туризм

62

Оборин М.С., Кожушкина И.В., Гварлиани Т.Е.
Исторические и социально-экономические предпосылки устойчивого развития  
курортных агломераций юга России

РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ СТУДИИ ТУРИЗМА 

75

Гусейнова А.Г.
Перспективы устойчивого развития этнографического образовательного туризма
в Ярославской области

82

Пережогина О.Н., Прокопьева Д. И.
Экологические средства размещения как фактор устойчивого развития
туристских территорий (на примере гостиничного рынка г. Казани)

НОВЫЕ ТУРИСТСКИЕ ЦЕНТРЫ 

89

Соломина И.Ю.
К вопросу об организации и реализации международного межрегионального проекта
«Красный маршрут» в России

97

Древицкая И.Ю., Клейнер Я.С.
Развитие туризма как фактор формирования позитивного имиджа Донбасса

НАУЧНЫЕ СООБЩЕНИЯ 

105

Колупанова И.А.
Развитие международного туризма в Западной и Восточной Сибири  
в 1960–1970-е годы

109

ТУРИСТСКО-ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЙ ЦЕНТР РГУТИС 

Профессиональные туристские конкурсы
Русский путешественник: территория путешествий. Пресс-релиз
XII международная туристическая выставка «Интурмаркет». Пресс-релиз
II международный форум по внутреннему и въездному туризму «Путешествуй по России!»

Content

5

EDITOR’S NOTE 

Issues of tourist service and destinations sustainable development

LOCAL IN GLOBAL: FORMULA FOR TOURISM 

7

Korstanje M.E., Skoll G.R.
Exploring the archetype of Americaness and the excemplary principle:  
the fear of traveling abroad

18

Sarancha M.A.
Tourism competitiveness of countries as the basis for sustainable development:
methodology and estimation results

25

Podsolonko V.A., Podsolonko E.A.
Foreign tourism multiplicative development strategy in Russia

35

Medvedev A.A., Alekseenko N.А., Vasev M.K.
The role of tourist tactile products in the formation of accessible urban environment

43

Morozov M.A., Morozova N.S.
Tourism infrastructure as a basis for the involvement of intangible cultural heritage
in tourism and hospitality industry

REGIONAL ISSUES OF TOURISM SERVICE 
 

50

Balynin K.A.
Regional tradition of production and consumption of alcoholic beverages:  
involvement in tourism

62

Oborin M.S., Kosushkina I.V., Gvarliani T.Е.
Historical and socio-economic preconditions for the sustainable development
of resort agglomeration in the Southern Russia

REGIONAL TOURISM STUDIES 

75

Guseynova A.G.
Ethnographic educational tourism in Yaroslavl region:  
Sustainable development prospects

82

Perezhogina O.N., Prokopyeva D.I.
Environmental accommodation facilities as a factor of sustainable development
of tourist destinations (by the example of the hotel market in Kazan)

NEW TOURIST CENTERS 

89

Solomina I.Yu.
On question of the organizing and implementing the interregional international project
«Red route» in Russia

97

Drevitskaya I.Yu., Kleyner Y.S.
Tourism development as a factor of forming positive image of Donbass

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 

105

Kolupanova I.А.
International tourism development in western and Eastern Siberia in the 1960–1970s

109
RSUTS TOURIST INFORMATION CENTER 

КОЛОНКА ГЛАВНОГО РЕДАКТОРА  

EDITORS NOTE

ПРОБЛЕМЫ УСТОЙЧИВОГО 
РАЗВИТИЯ ТУРИСТСКОГО 
СЕРВИСА И ДЕСТИНАЦИЙ

Дорогие друзья, коллеги!
Наш журнал вступает в свой одиннадцатый год жизни. В современный век быстроменяющегося всего и вся десятилетие 
жизни печатного журнала является неоспоримым свидетельством его востребованности и актуальности. За это, конечно же, 
мы искренне благодарим наших читателей, 
а также авторов, которые пишут научнопрактические статьи, отвечающие интересам как профессионалов индустрии сервиса, 
туризма и гостеприимства, учёных и исследователей отрасли, так и широкого круга 
читателей. Теперь уже без робости и стеснения имеет смысл признать, что журнал «Современные проблемы сервиса и туризма» 
приобрёл черты и свойства устойчивости 
в своём развитии. Констатация данного факта, как ни странно, не позволяет редакции 
«почивать на лаврах», но заставляет искать 
новые векторы для дальнейшего роста, поднимать актуальные тематические пласты, 
расширять горизонты возможностей.
Парадигма устойчивого развития сегодня обрела черты полноценной идеологии с оттенками религиозности: все знают 
о ней, все верят в неё, но никто не знает 
точно каков её облик, признаки, параметры. И научной дискуссии в этом направлении не видно конца.
Через 50 лет после проведения Года 
международного туризма под девизом 
«Паспорт к миру» (1967) и спустя 15 лет после проведения Международного года экотуризма (2002) Генеральная ассамблея Ор
ISSUES OF TOURIST SERVICE 
AND DESTINATIONS 
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Distinguished friends & colleagues!
Our journal is entering its eleventh year 
of life. In the modern age, when everything 
is rapidly changing, decade of the printed 
journal’s life is an undeniable evidence of its 
urgency and relevance. For this, of course, 
we are sincerely thankful to our readers 
and authors who write scientific and practical articles that meet the interests of both 
experts, scientists and researchers in the 
industry of service, tourism and hospitality, 
and a wide range of readers. Now, without 
the timidity and hesitation we can say that 
the journal “Service and Tourism: Current 
Challenges” gained features and properties 
of stability in its development. This observation, strange as it may seem, does not allow 
the editors to rest on our laurels, but makes 
us look for new vectors for growth, raise the 
current thematic layers, and expand the horizons of possibilities.
The paradigm of sustainable development today has got features of complete ideology with religious undertones: everyone 
knows about it, everyone believes in it, but no 
one knows exactly its appearance, features, 
and options. And scientific discussion in this 
direction seems to never end.
The United Nations (UN) has declared 
2017 as the International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development. This decision 
comes fifty years after the celebration of the 
International Tourist Year on Tourism –  Passport to Peace (1967) and fifteen years since 
the International Year of Ecotourism (2002).

«…Провозгласить 2017 год Международным годом устойчивого  
туризма в интересах развития»
Из Резолюции ГА ООН от 04.12.2015 г.

“To declare2017 as the International Year of Sustainable  
Tourism for Development”
The General Assembly resolution,
adopted on December 4, 2015

ганизации Объединённых Наций (ГА ООН) 
постановила провозгласить 2017 год Международным годом устойчивого туризма 
в интересах развития.
«Провозглашение Организацией Объединённых Наций 2017 года Международным годом устойчивого туризма в интересах развития предоставляет уникальную 
возможность для расширения вклада сектора туризма в рамках трёх компонентов 
устойчивости –  экономического, социального и экологического, при одновременном повышении информированности об 
истинных масштабах сектора, который 
зачастую недооценивается», отметил Генеральный секретарь ЮНВТО Талеб Рифаи. 
Церемония официального открытия Международного года устойчивого туризма в интересах развития прошла 18 января 2017 г. 
в рамках испанской международной туристской ярмарки FITUR в Мадриде.
С целью содействия общественному 
и профессиональному диалогу по обозначенной проблематике редакция журнала 
«Современные проблемы сервиса и туризма» решила посвятить текущий выпуск вопросам устойчивого развития туристского 
сервиса и дестинаций. Последующие выпуски журнала будут посвящены актуальным 
проблемам туризма и сервиса в исторических городах (вып. 2), вопросам развития 
активного туризма (вып. 3), практикам экологического и зелёного туризма в России 
и соседних странах (вып. 4).
Хотелось бы верить в то, что совместными усилиями, благодаря дискуссии на 
страницах журнала, а также на различных предстоящих форумах и встречах нам 
удастся выработать механизмы и изобрести формулу устойчивости развития туризма как отрасли и индустрии, обладающей 
существенным потенциалом для дальнейшего интенсивного роста. 
Главный редактор
проф. О.Е. Афанасьев

“The declaration by the UN of 2017 as 
the International Year of Sustainable Tourism 
for Development is a unique opportunity to 
advance the contribution of the tourism sector to the three pillars of sustainability –  economic, social and environmental, while raising 
awareness of the true dimensions of a sector 
which is often undervalued” said UNWTO Secretary-General, Taleb Rifai. The official opening ceremony took place in the International 
Tourism Fair of Spain FITUR January 18, 2017, 
in Madrid.
To promote public and professional 
dialogue on the designated problems the 
editors of the journal “Service and Tourism: 
Current Challenges” has decided to dedicate 
the current issue to sustainable development of tourist destinations and services. 
Subsequent journal’s issues will be devoted 
to actual problems of tourism and service in 
historical cities (Issue 2), active tourism development (Issue 3), practices of ecological 
and green tourism in Russia and neighboring 
countries (Issue 4).
We would like to believe that together 
through discussions on the journal’s pages, as 
well as on a variety of upcoming forums and 
meetings, we will be able to develop mechanisms and devise a formula for sustainability 
of the tourism development as an industry 
that has significant potential for further rapid 
growth.

Editor-in-chief
Prof. Oleg E. Afanasiev

Maximiliano E. KORSTANJE ,  
Geoffrey R. SKOLL

UDC 368:338.48
DOI: 10.22412/1995-0411-2017-11-1-7-17

a University of Palermo (Buenos Aires, Argentina); PhD, Professor;
e-mail: mkorst@palermo.edu, maxikorstanje@arnet.com.ar

b Buffalo State College the State University of New York (Buffalo, New York, USA);
PhD, Associate Professor; e-mail: skollgr@buffalostate.edu, skoll@uwm.edu

EXPLORING THE ARCHETYPE OF AMERICANESS  
AND THE EXCEMPLARY PRINCIPLE:  
THE FEAR OF TRAVELING ABROAD

Following a general introduction of colonialism, this essay reflects on the growth of US imperialism. 
It notes that colonialist exploitation depends on a pervasive ethnocentrism in which the metropolis is 
depicted as morally and culturally superior to the colonized. An example of travel writing is used to 
examine and appreciate this ethnocentric discourse. Precisely because travel literature is not written 
as a racist or ethnocentric polemic, it is useful in coming to understand the implicit value system and 
ethos that forms the foundation of colonial ethnocentrism. In the particular example, the colonial 
ethnocentrism is linked to the ideology of American exceptionalism which has deep roots in the 
American Puritan tradition.
Keywords: American exceptionalism, colonialism, culture, ethnocentrism, literature, tourism, travel.

Introduction. The attacks to Paris 
occurred in November 13 of 2015 shows 
sadly 
two 
previous 
assumptions. 
The 
impossibility to control leisure industries 
as cultural entertainment, museums and 
tourism, conjoined to the fact that terrorists 
have selected travelers over recent years as 
their primary targets. Some voices claim that 
terrorism and colonial order were historically 
interlinked. Let’s explain that colonization in 
past centuries was supported by an ideology 
of the colonized Other. Bullets kill people, but 
words indoctrinate their minds. Edward Said 
has developed a model for understanding the 
pervasive nature of European ethnocentrism 
in novelists such as Joseph Conrad who 
portrayed the cultural values of the empire 
[35]. Empires have expanded their influences 
in the world by imposing an ecumene of 
exemplarity in which the periphery accepts 
European superiority. Beyond this center, 
the interaction between Europeans and nonEuropeans engendered what Turner-Bushnell 
and Green [41] call a sphere of influence. 
These borderlands were flexible, and they 
were continually negotiated. The connection 
between imperialism and literature has been 

widely studied in such seminal texts as Rule 
of Darkness [2], The Theory of the Novel [27], 
The British Image of India [14], Imperial Eyes 
[33], and Culture and Imperialism [35]. This 
essay focuses on the role played by American 
ethnocentrism in the modern travel books such 
as in Charles Robert Temple’s American Abroad 
[39]. Temple’s book sets forth the perspective 
of Americans looking outward. Today, it shows 
the basis for an American outlook on the 
post-9/11 world which combines American 
exceptionalism with a pervasive fear. One 
of the aspects that differentiate American 
from British ethnocentrism is the sentiment 
of exceptionalism with respect to Others. In 
the United States Americanness is lived as a 
superior allegory to be applied to the world 
for making it a safer and better home for 
humankind [9, 11, 36, 45]. Though the lens 
of this essay review we understand how the 
Other is constructed by privileged American 
citizens in view of their expectations, hopes, 
and fears.

Preliminary debate

The habits of travelling are common 
sense to all cultures of the globe. Many 
theories have been developed thanks to the 

ЛОКАЛЬНОЕ В ГЛОБАЛЬНОМ: ФОРМУЛА ТУРИЗМА

LOCAL IN GLOBAL: FORMULA FOR TOURISM

a

b

Maximiliano E. KORSTANJE, Geoffrey R. SKOLL 

experiences and stories derived from these 
practices. In his book on America, FrançoisRené de Chateaubriand (1768–1848) says 
there were two types of travellers: those 
who go by land and those who go by sea. 
Many discoveries that today sheds light on 
our geographies, derived from travellers’ 
courage to go beyond the boundaries of 
their respective civilizations [7]. One of 
the main problems in understanding the 
potential power of travel writing depends 
on the attention this genre receives from 
generation to generation. Travels activate 
social imaginaries which follow imperial 
interests, along with landscapes and cultural 
encounters. Citing K. Oberg, Rachel Irwin 
[20, 31] alludes to the encounter among 
ethnicities as a culture shock, which ranges 
from a stage of understanding to a profound 
crisis –  honeymoon, crisis, recovery and 
adjustment. While tourists generally are 
embedded in a honeymoon phase, the native 
Other is imagined as a polite and gorgeous 
friend. Explorers, anthropologists, and aidworkers face another, more disappointing 
facet. A radical crisis of identity may take some 
months. When this arrives, the foreigner has 
serious problems in coping with natives. 
Depending on how this is resolved, the visitor 
will return to home or stay. The process 
of recovery consists in the assimilation of 
all information, customs, and practices to 
survive in this new society. After this stage, 
the adjustment will take place. Depending on 
how the guests are negotiating with natives, 
their knowledge has further value for others. 
Tourists, for example are subject to peripheral 
and superficial encounters with natives while 
anthropologists produce another kind of 
knowledge.
The 
American 
economist, 
Robert 
L Heilbroner days that imperialism as a 
project was inextricably intertwined with 
capitalism. He claims that three key factors 
were important to consolidate European 
conquests: 
the 
impetus 
for 
discovery; 
second, the decline of religion; and third, 
rise of science [16]. One of the disciplines 
that encouraged the quests for knowledge 
about non-Europeans and drawing on 
the methods of classical positivistic social 
sciences, 
anthropology 
emphasized 
the 

importance of direct observation of observed 
peoples. Two main assumptions inspired 
these new forms of making science. The 
first was the belief that people lie or simply 
sometimes do not recognize their drives 
and behaviour. Researchers are obliged to 
be there, contrasting the speech with nonverbal practices. The first anthropologists 
who launched the study of exotic peoples 
were involuntarily manipulated by governors 
or officials who read their ethnologies 
with the aim of more effective control of 
native peoples [1, 5, 23, 24, 33, 40, 32). The 
production of knowledge, imperialism, and 
travels became intertwined. Novels, and 
guidebooks have been historically employed 
as ideological instruments of indoctrination 
whose efficiency rests on what they cover, not 
what they overtly describe.
Mary L. Pratt 
[33] 
explores 
the 
imperialistic discourses to understand how 
the identities of Others are created. The 
dominated group interprets its inferiority 
in favour of dominators. The literature of 
travels as well as travel itself is of paramount 
importance to create an archetype of 
Europeanness. The conflicting encounters 
flourish in zones of contact where a real 
process of acculturation surfaces. The 
ideology of dominators, as Adam in the 
paradise, marks the Others, while it keeps 
itself unmarked –  that is, the standard by 
which others are judged. The passion for 
travels and discoveries starts with Carl 
Linnaeus (1707–78) who in 1735 published 
his book Systema Naturae (system of 
nature). This project encouraged many 
natural historians, or as they are called today 
natural scientists to classify biological species 
in the world to create an all encompassing 
system that explains the diversity of plants. 
Following this classificatory system, the first 
scientific travels were oriented to describe 
customs, cultures, and any other aspect of 
peoples who Europeans thought merited 
attention. In this way and right from the first, 
the new disciplines of social science abetted 
colonialism to expand European control 
over the globe, and in so doing portrayed 
the Other as non-white and an irrational 
actor who needed to be civilized. In Western 
ethnocentric ideology, cultural values not 

Стр. 7–17

Современные проблемы сервиса и туризма
№ 1/2017  Том 11

only were both necessary and beneficial for 
indigenes. Literature and travel writings, 
Pratt adds, encouraged the imperial values 
everywhere, paving the way for the advance of 
an ideological colonization that strengthened 
the bond between the center and its 
periphery. Literature offers visualizations 
and symbolic landscapes where the colonial 
order is sustained by a moral supremacy of 
Western culture. The subordinated role of 
aboriginal life, compared to that of Europe, 
was one among many other rhetoric devices 
to create a sentiment of superiority of white 
writers throughout the colonial world.
Modern tourism scholars have studied 
the stereotypes of colonialism [4, 5, 6, 
28]. In one of the books on this theme, 
Traversing Paris, Charlie Mansfied [28] seeks 
the re-definition travel writing as a genre of 
literature by means of descriptions of the 
narratives, projections, expectations, and 
experiences in travels. This French custom, 
initiated by the Encyclopédist Denis Diderot 
(1713–84), reveals the potentialities of a 
journey to decode the convergence between 
the autobiography and social conjuncture. 
The episteme for travels elevates the agency 
of travelers who reify the same observed 
reality. The tension between objectivity 
and subjectivity certainly opens a complex 
door in travel writing as a scientific genre. 
The body of a travel writer is necessarily 
circumscribed by specific time and place, 
which blurs the boundaries between the 
lived time of journey and the text. Concerning 
the contributions of the reactionary royalist 
and founder of Romanticism in France, 
François-René, de Chateaubriand (1768–
1848), Mansfield indicates that texts work 
similarly to a souvenir, because like a 
souvenir they are strongly associated with 
the identity of tourists. As a souvenir is 
linked to a wider sentiment of nostalgia, 
Mansfield leads readers to an underexplored argument: the souvenir works as 
a mechanism of return transforming the 
physical distance into emotional proximity. 
Travel writing comprises a creative praxis 
by closing the hermeneutical circle between 
those events we experience on a daily basis 
and the individual emotional background, 
and thereby becomes an episteme in the 

Foucauldian sense. Mansfield’s argument 
leads to the three elements of discovery 
travels which are rooted in the modern 
science: 1) the need to monitor the world 
to ensure Western control, 2) intellectual 
appropriation that interprets events to 
generate knowledge, and 3) support for 
the capitalist mode of production. All these 
elements are replicated and renegotiated in 
the travels.
Laura Rascaroli [34] has called attention 
to the tension between pleasure and 
displeasure in traveling. The latter signals 
unproductive displacement that destroys 
the self, and the latter leads the traveler to 
the materialization of hedonism. The focus 
of Rascoli argument is on how identity is 
constructed. In the past, France originally 
drew from southern Mediterranean culture, 
but today this logic has been upended. This 
explains the bifurcation of symbolic (soft) and 
legal (hard) borders. Florian Grandena [13] 
argues that striated space (i.e., space with legal 
borders) is determined by states but nomadic 
spaces exist as a response to the growth of 
social frustration, or perhaps ennui. Probably 
the exemplary nomadic book is Jack Kerouac’s 
On the Road [22]. Based on a romantic gaze, 
a nomad-tourist not only breaks out of the 
capitalist network but seeks to negotiate his/
her identity strolling throughout the nation, 
something that recalls Walter Benjamin’s 
flâneur (Buck-Morss [3]). Ewa Mazierska [29] 
explores the epistemology of past travels 
to criticize the contemporary social fabric. 
Mazierska reviews scholarly literature that 
points to tourism as a hedonistic industry, 
but she notes, as in cinema or many other 
products of the culture industry, there are 
many ways of exploring visited spaces. The 
role of travelers and their proximity to the 
Other are of utmost importance in judging 
whether tourism is good or bad for society. 
What is important is not whether the 
traveler is a tourist or a migrant, but how 
that travel initiates the process of discovery. 
She acknowledges that while some doors are 
open, like the tourism and leisure travels, 
others are inevitably closed. The past not 
only facilitates a break in today’s ideological 
discourse, but unravels it into the complexity 
of nationhood [29, p. 123].

Maximiliano E. KORSTANJE, Geoffrey R. SKOLL 

In recent years the industrial world seems 
to be more concerned for the securitization of 
identity and mobility than by other questions. 
Korstanje & Olsen [26] have examined the 
genre of horror movies to consider that 
9/11 has not only created a serious shock 
to American culture, but also changed the 
ways of making terror in cinema. Based on 
an examination of movies such as Hills Have 
Eyes, Hostel, and Texas Chainsaw Massacre, 
Korstanje and Olsen argue that American 
movie culture exhibits a combination of pride 
and fear. While American tourists are viewed 
as the epitome of good civilization, their own 
cultural products are compromised of sadists 
whose main satisfaction is the torture of 
innocents. The principle of evil seems to be 
combined with a lack of hospitality. The world 
beyond the boundaries of the United States 
is presented as a dangerous place to visit. 
This leads to the creation of deep-seated 
ethnocentrism that audiences cannot see 
with clarity, but which affects how the Other, 
non-American is reconstructed. The concept 
of risk and terrorism as it is being exploited by 
Hollywood may instill serious problems in the 
collective psyche of United States.

The sentiment of exceptionalism  
into Americanness

Max Weber noted the connection 
between religion and labor. He acknowledged 
that 
certain 
Protestant 
and 
Catholic’s 
cosmologies constructed different models 
of the world and labor. While Calvinism 
was based on predestination –  that is, a 
closed future, Catholicism saw salvation as a 
prerequisite for the present acts. For Calvinistic 
temperaments, the salvation of individuals 
was already determined by a book of life in 
Heaven. Catholicism, in contrast taught that 
salvation was a consequence of acts on earth 
[42–44]. Weber made a connection between 
the concepts of religious salvation and the 
economy. The organization of labor as well as 
the process of territorization follows cultural 
archetypes which put limits on authority and 
requires the production of a surplus. Calvinism 
taught that humans were stewards of the 
earth who were expected to produce more 
during their lifetimes than they found at birth. 
The political structure depending on how this 

surplus was created. S. Coleman argues that 
American fundamentalist religious culture is 
linked to a much broader association between 
the religious and political order. Those orders, 
religious and political, are charged with 
reforming the world, and since it is a dangerous 
place, the sins of the world should be expiated 
by sacrifice, and renovated by means of grace 
and fear. Americans and other Anglophones, 
especially those in Britain and the settler 
countries, Australia and Canada, have produced 
a culture of terror. That culture induces a 
generalized fear among the populations of 
those countries. With a focus on the United 
States, the ruling class has constructed a culture 
of fear that has evolved from the kind of fear 
associated with the anticommunist hysteria 
in the years following the Second World War 
and its predecessor Red scares to its current 
incarnation of the terrorism obsession [37, 
38]. While recognizing popular participation in 
constructing this culture of fear, the fact is that 
elites in the centers of world capitalism have 
fostered its construction with planning and 
deliberation. The culture of fear is conducive in 
keeping class conflict in America and the world 
under control.
Unlike Spain that relied more on military 
conquest to colonize the Americas, English 
colonization was centered on settlements 
and trade. The English reserved its right for 
intervening in the autonomy of indigenous 
peoples, and recognized a degree of 
indigenous autonomy. The Spanish approach 
derived from a different economic strategy –  
that is, Spain’s colonialism was extractive, 
whereas England’s was based on agricultural 
exploitation. The English control over the 
indigenous peoples was based on discursive 
abilities to proclaim the racial superiority of 
Anglo order over other ethnicities [15]. As 
Richard Hofstadter put it, this sentiment of 
exemplarity was reinforced by the adoption of 
social Darwinism at the same time that the US 
was becoming a colonial power in its own right 
in the late nineteenth century. The survival of 
the fittest associated with the virtue of race 
reinforced an America-centrism [17].
Hofstadter [17] said that one of 
the primary aspects used to rationalize 
competition among entrepreneurs in US was 
the adoption of social Darwinism as espoused 

Стр. 7–17

Современные проблемы сервиса и туризма
№ 1/2017  Том 11

in works by such social theorists as William 
Graham Sumner and Herbert Spencer. Social 
Darwinism, unlike Darwin’s own biological 
theory of natural selection and speciation, 
postulated two significant axioms which 
reinforced the sentiment of exceptionalism, 
which itself came from the Puritan tradition 
in New England [11]. Social Darwinism 
was based on survival of fittest and social 
determinism. Hofstadter argues that the 
legitimacy of law to ensure the equality of 
all citizens was not sufficient to explain why 
some actors had success while others fail. As a 
supra-organism, the social structure overrides 
the interpretation of law. To evolve to a higher 
stage, society should accept the struggle for 
survival as the primary cultural value. In 
this view, social advance depends on the 
wealth one generation can pass to the next. 
Accordingly, “primitive man, who long ago 
withdrew from the competitive struggle and 
ceased to accumulate capital goods, must pay 
with a backward and unenlightened way of 
life” [17, p. 58]. Therefore, millionaires are not 
the result of greed, but natural selection. They 
have been selected by their strength, tested 
in their success in business and their abilities 
to adapt to the competitive environment. 
Those who are not wealthy are simply less fit. 
A political consequence of this line of thought 
is that states should not promote charity as 
a governmental policy; if this happens it runs 
the risks of general social decline. The society 
should be recycled allowing the big fish eats 
the small fish. At a closer look, Calvinist and 
other protestant circle emphasized on the 
hostility of the environment as a proof of 
faith. The foundation for this amalgam comes 
from the New England Calvinist ideology, of 
which Jonathan Edwards 1741 sermon Sinners 
in the Hand of an Angry God is exemplary 
[30]. There, Edwards, spelled out the Calvinist 
notion of predestination, which, among other 
things held that only those that God chose 
would enter Heaven, and everyone else 
was doomed to Hell. Those so chosen could 
be identified by their prosperity. The social 
Darwinism of the latter nineteenth century 
was annealed to the underlying Calvinist 
doctrine of hard of individual salvation, 
stewardship, and prosperity as a sign of moral 
superiority.

In the early republic, up to the Civil War 
(1861–65), so-called nativism in the United 
States showed considerable resistance to new 
comers, such as the Irish fleeing the famine of 
the 1840s and somewhat less toward Germans 
and some other nationalities fleeing the 
counter revolution and political repressions 
of the European rebellions of 1848. Nativism 
often combined with anti-Catholicism, which 
in turn combined with the racism of the South 
and its institutionalized racialization of slavery. 
The racial discrimination as well as its practices 
constructed a barrier between the community 
and this undesired guests [21]. Underneath it 
all lay economic exploitation of new European 
immigrants and African American slaves. At 
the same time, the US carried out its long 
term genocide of the North American Indians. 
Eric Cheyfitz explained that empires construct 
a subordinated image of Other, who never 
can never be equal to the elite. Ranging from 
ridiculing to demonization, the others are 
often portrayed as inferior, or uncivilized. 
Imperial discourse consists in disciplining this 
Other –  African American slaves and their 
descendents, recent European immigrants, 
and native North Americans –  to make them 
decent citizens [8]. In practice that came to 
mean becoming White [19].
Despite the cognitive dissonance in 
the midst of genocide and racial and ethnic 
exploitation, the ideological apparatuses of 
the United States developed its image as 
an exemplary center, or city on a hill, as the 
Puritan settlers saw it. It is this image, rather 
than the reality of social relations, that leads 
this country to proclaim itself as unique, an 
exception, and beyond the restraints of the 
rest of the world. For a recent example of this 
exceptionalist discourse, Michael Ignatieff, a 
Canadian political leader who is currently on 
the Harvard faculty, maintains that the United 
States has historically constructed a social 
bond based on the respect and trust in civic 
institutions. Americans, according to Ignatieff, 
valorize the freedom of speech and democracy 
along with the equality of opportunity in a 
framework of rights and duties as citizens. 
The concept of human rights, perhaps most 
explicitly realized in the universal Declaration 
of Human Rights, which was promulgated 
under the leadership of Eleanor Roosevelt 

Maximiliano E. KORSTANJE, Geoffrey R. SKOLL 

after the Second World War, combined with 
the concept of American exceptionalism to 
spread American ideals of liberty to the rest of 
the world. From the American exceptionalist 
perspective, the United States was the 
premier, if not the only country, which can, 
for instance, repeatedly reject resolutions of 
United Nations General Assembly, as it has 
done many times with respect to Palestine 
and Israel. Many American politicians feel they 
have been excused from accusations of human 
right violations [18]. Following this argument, 
M. Korstanje explains that the principle of 
exception that characterized the early political 
life in the United States, not only was ingrained 
with its religious matrix, but also paved the 
ways for the liberal democracy to betray its 
own foundations. This kind of exceptionalist 
ideology has been coupled with a disregard 
for other nations’ sovereignty as the United 
States has intervened in countries throughout 
the world to overthrow their governments. 
The tactics vary from propaganda, to 
influxes of money to opposition groups, to 
covertly organizing coups d’état, and outright 
invasions. Since the Second World War, the 
United States has acted more like an empire 
than an exemplar, despite official and public 
protestations to the contrary [25].
Understanding how such disparate 
conceptions –  on the one hand an exemplar 
of liberty and self-determination and on the 
other, imperial aggression and domination – 
presents an intellectual challenge. As a 
literary form, travel writing offers fertile 
ground to approach an understanding of 
how ethnocentrism works to maintain these 
contradictory images. In literature imagined 
landscapes of travelers are written from the 
center to impose a specific message over the 
periphery. In next section, we examine the 
book entitled Americans Abroad by the travel 
writer Charles Robert Temple. This book 
represents an effort to advise Americans who 
travel or work abroad about the dangers of 
the world. A clear diagnosis of how American 
imperialism works can be done if you pay 
attention to this now relatively obscure text.

Americans Abroad

Charles R. Temple was fluent in six 
languages. He worked in many countries since 

he left Yale University in US, some of them 
with diverse cultures and customs. Concerned 
on the psychology of tourists, he published in 
1961 the book Americans Abroad to explain 
the different and radical shifts suffered by 
Americans when have to travel or work 
abroad. This book gives practical suggestions 
on travel, and by doing so presents a clear 
picture of American ethnocentrism.
After the Second World War ended in 
1945, the United States stood alone among 
the former belligerents as unscathed in its 
own territory. The closest the country came to 
devastation was the attack on Pearl Harbor, in 
what was then a mere territory, and far from 
the mainland of the metropole. Not only was 
its territory intact, it was the center of the 
world’s economy. With the growth of a middle 
income tier of US society, many Americans 
started to travel worldwide as tourists, 
businessmen, diplomats, and so forth. In 
doing so, these citizens represent America to 
the world. In Temple’s view, one of the aspects 
that make Americans exemplary is democracy:
“Turning up in every part of the 
globe, these Americans are our informal 
representative to the other peoples of 
the world. What we are and what our 
democracy means will be judged by their 
action and reaction long after the formal 
speeches and actions of politicians have 
been forgotten. This was not always so, 
and once John Doe, an American living 
in a foreign country, might have been 
looked upon by the people about him as 
just another foreigner, with little or no 
reference to his national background” 
(p. 8).
For Temple like many other Americans, 
democracy is lived as a positive cultural legacy 
that the United States can leave to the civilized 
world. But for that, its travelers should 
demonstrate a special virtue which only is 
given to select people. The United States, in 
Temple’s argument, should not be judged by 
its failure or success in international relations, 
instead the country should be appraised by its 
tourists’ behavior. This means that American 
tourists serve as symbolic ambassadors of their 
country. Temple’s book is filled with examples 
and situations aimed to show the civil virtue 
of what being a good American means. One of 

Стр. 7–17