Legal English: Advanced Level. Visual Reference Materials: Английский язык для юристов: углублённый курс. Рисунки, схемы, таблицы

Е.Б. Попов

Legal English: Advanced Level. Visual Reference 

Materials: Английский язык для юристов: 

углублённый курс. Рисунки, схемы, таблицы

Москва

Инфра-М

2017

Е.Б. Попов

Legal English: Advanced Level. Visual Reference 

Materials: Английский язык для юристов: 

углублённый курс. Рисунки, схемы, таблицы

Пособие

Москва

Инфра-М; Znanium.com

2017

УДК 811.11(07)

ББК 81(Англ)я73

А64

Е.Б. Попов

Legal English: Advanced Level. Visual Reference Materials: Английский

язык для юристов: углублённый курс. Рисунки, схемы, таблицы: пособие / 
Е.Б. Попов. – М.: Инфра-М; Znanium.com, 2017. – 183 с.

ISBN 978-5-16-106222-7 (online)

Пособие 
предназначается 
для 
студентов-юристов, 
обучающихся 
по 

программе 
дополнительной 
квалификации 
«Переводчик 
в 
сфере 

профессиональной 
коммуникации». 
Книга 
содержит 
дополнительные 

материалы в виде рисунков, схем и таблиц по всем тематическим блокам 
учебного пособия “Legal English: Advanced Level: Английский язык для 
юристов” (в 3-х частях, автор: Е.Б. Попов).

ISBN 978-5-16-106222-7 (online)
© Е.Б. Попов, 2017

УДК 811.11(07)
ББК 81(Англ)я73
А64

Рекомендовано редакционно-издательским советом

Оренбургского института (филиала)

Московского государственного юридического университета

имени О.Е. Кутафина (МГЮА)

А64

Legal English: Advanced Level. Visual Reference Materials: Английский язык для юристов: углублённый курс. Рисунки, схемы, таблицы. /Наглядные материалы к учебному пособию
“Legal English: Advanced Level: Английский язык для юристов”. Автор-составитель: Попов Е.Б.– Оренбург: Оренбургский институт (филиал) Университета имени О.Е. Кутафина
(МГЮА), 2018.– 183 с.

Пособие предназначается для студентов-юристов, обучающихся по про
грамме дополнительной квалификации «Переводчик в сфере профессиональной коммуникации». Книга содержит дополнительные материалы в виде рисунков, схем и таблиц по всем тематическим блокам учебного пособия “Legal
English: Advanced Level: Английский язык для юристов” (в 3-х частях, автор:
Е.Б. Попов).

УДК 811.11(07)

ББК 81(Англ)я73

© Попов Е.Б., 2018

CONTENTS

CONTENTS ……………………………………………………………...............
INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………........

LEGAL PROFESSION

Legal Profession in England and Wales …………………………………..
Legal Work in the USA: Attorney …………………………………………...
Legal Work in the USA: Prosecutor …………………………………........
Legal Work in the USA: Paralegal …………………………………...........
“Practice of Law” versus “Other Work” in a Law Office ....................

LAW AND ITS SOURCES

Main Branches of Civil and Common Law ………………………..........
Overview of Sources of Law in the UK …………………………………....
Sources of Law in the USA ……………………………………………….....
Hierarchy of Law in the USA ………………………………………………..

CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

Classifying Constitutions ………………………………………………......
Characteristics of Written and Unwritten Constitutions ………….....
British Constitution Compared with Others ……………………….......
Key Principles of Public Law in the UK …………………………………...
Sources of the British Constitution …………………………………........
Separation of Powers: the UK and the USA Compared …………….....
Administrative Agencies (USA) ……………………………………………...
Overview of Administrative Rulemaking Process ……………………….
Administrative Tribunals (The UK) …………………………………..........
Decentralisation of Public Power …………………………………............
Controls on Local Government (The UK) ………………………………....

INTERNATIONAL LAW

Areas of Public International Law …………………………………...........
Various Actors in International Law ………………………………….......
Sources of Public International Law ………………………………….......
Making the World More Lawful ……………………………………………..

EUROPEAN UNION

Three Pillars of the European Union …………………………………......
Who's Who in the European Context …………………………………......
Institutional Structure of the EU …………………………………...........
EU Competences ………………………………………………………….......
Hierarchy of Sources of EU Law ………………………………….............
European Convention on Human Rights ………………………............

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

Causes of Pollution …………………………………………………………....
Recommended Structure of the National Environmental Security

Taskforce ……………………………………………………………………...

Representation of Environmental Risk Assessment Process ............
'Waste Hierarchy' – Waste Management Options in the Order of

Their Environmental Impact ……………………………………………..

3
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Roles of Different Branches of Government in the Environmental

Arena (USA) …………………………………………………………………..

Administration of US Environmental Law ………………………...........
1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development ................

CIVIL LAW AND PROCEDURE

Common Types of Civil Lawsuit …………………………………………….
Main Types of Obligation ………………………………………………........
Differences between Law and Equity …………………………………......
Stages of a Typical Civil Lawsuit …………………………………............
Possible Responses to a Claim Which Has Been Served ……………...
Comparison of Civil and Criminal Law …………………………………...
Steps in a Civil Case – Before Trial ………………………………….........
Trial-Preparation Checklist for a Paralegal ……………………….........
Common Motions Made in Civil Cases …………………………………....
Paralegal as Legal Assistant at Trial: a Brief Look ……………………..
Steps in a Civil Case – Jury Trial …………………………………...........
Civil Remedies …………………………………………………………...........
Civil Remedy: Damages ………………………………………………..........
Steps in a Civil Case – After Trial …………………………………...........

PROPERTY LAW

Legal Classification of Property ……………………………………………..
Extent of Landowner’s Rights ……………………………………………....
Interests in Real Property ……………………………………………….......
Common Forms of Residential Co-Ownership ……………………….....
Steps Involved in the Sale of Real Estate ……………………….............
Easements ……………………………………………………………………….
Acquisition of Title to Real Property …………………………………........
Legal Considerations of Buying versus Leasing ………………………...
Types of Tenancies ………………………………………………………….....
Rights and Duties that Arise under a Lease Agreement ……………...
Acquisition of Personal Property …………………………………............
Rights of Finders of Personal Property …………………………………....
Creation of a Bailment ………………………………………………...........
Degree of Care Required of a Bailee …………………………………........
Duties of Bailees and Bailors ………………………………………………..
Forms of Intellectual Property ……………………………………………...
Copyright Protection …………………………………………………………..
Exception to Copyright Protection: Fair Dealing ………………………..
Intellectual Property: Common Licensing Clauses ……………………..

ESTATE PLANNING

Estate Planning Tools ………………………………………………………....
Trusts ………………………………………………………………………........
Wills ………………………………………………………………………..........
Executor’s Duties: A Summary ……………………………………………..
Schedule of Kinship Relationship to a Decedent ……………………….
Distribution of the Estate of an Intestate ………………………............

35
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68
68

FAMILY LAW

Main Areas of Family Law ………………………………………………......
Advantages and Disadvantages of Basic Family Structures ………...
Adoption Procedure …………………………………………………………...
Kinds of Uncontested Divorce ……………………………………………....
Undefended Divorce: Procedure for Obtaining the Decree …………...
Resolving Disputes over Children’s Upbringing ………………………...
Comparison between Divorce and Annulment ………………………....

FORMS OF BUSINESS

Major Forms of Business Compared ………………………………….......
Benefits and Drawbacks of Different Types of Business Entities .....
Types of Businesses by the Kinds of Activities They Perform ...........
Twelve Characteristics of Successful Entrepreneurs ……………….....
Functions of Business ………………………………………………...........
Areas of the Law That May Affect Business Decision Making ..........
Franchisee’s Duties and Responsibilities ………………………............
Important Consequences of Being a Partner ……………………….......
Statutory Powers of a Limited Liability Company (USA) ………….......
Principal Characteristics of Corporations (USA) ………………………..
Steps in the Incorporation Process ………………………………….........
Management Functions ………………………………………………..........
Types of Stocks ………………………………………………………….........
Shareholders’ Powers, Rights and Liabilities ……………………….......
What is Their Role? …………………………………………………………....
Rights, Duties and Liabilities of Directors and Officers ……………....
Roles of Shareholders and the Board of Directors ……………………..
Examples of Piercing the Corporate Veil ……………………….............
Corporate Restructuring Techniques …………………………………......
Sample Merger Timeline ……………………………………………….........
Varieties of Mergers …………………………………………………………...
Antitrust Laws: Unfair Trade Practices …………………………………...
Exemptions from Antitrust Laws (USA) …………………………………..

LABOR LAW

Concerns of Modern Labor Law …………………………………..............
Unlawful Discrimination ………………………………………………........
Sources and Terms of the Contract of Employment …………………..
Employee Manual …………………………………………………………......
Covenants not to Compete ………………………………………………......
Reasons Why a Person May Have Been Dismissed ……………………
Three Types of Employer-Employee Relationships …………………….
Collective Bargaining Issues ………………………………………………...
Five Basic Steps to Organizing a Union …………………………………..

AGENCY RELATIONSHIPS

Agency ……………………………………………………………………….......
Types of Authority Which an Agent Can Have ……………………….....
Duties in an Agency Relationship …………………………………..........
Liability in Agency Relationships …………………………………...........

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100
101
102
103

Termination of an Agency ……………………………………………….......

FINANCE, INSURANCE, TAXATION

Fixed-Income Market ………………………………………………………….
Investable Assets and Traditional Asset Classes ……………………….
Types of Investments and Their Levels of Risk ………………………....
Default ……………………………………………………………………….......
Remedies Available to Creditors …………………………………………....
Insurance Classifications ……………………………………………….......
Insurance Contract Provisions and Clauses ……………………….......
Classifications of Taxes ………………………………………………..........
Taxes and Social Contributions ………………………………….............
Taxation: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Partnership Form

CONTRACTS

Offer and Acceptance ………………………………………………………....
Consideration …………………………………………………………………...
Contractual Capacity ……………………………………………….............
Contract Terms ………………………………………………………………....
Distinction between Void and Voidable Agreements ……………….....
Distinction between Condition and Warranty ……………………….....
Vitiating Factors …………………………………………………………........
Vitiating Factors: Different Types of Mistake and Their Legal Con
sequences ……………………………………………………………………..

Contract Discharge …………………………………………………………....
Remedies for Breach …………………………………………………………..

SALE OF GOODS

Classification of Sales Contract …………………………………………….
Sales Contracts: Acceptance, Revocation, and Rejection …………….
Warranties and Product Liability …………………………………………..
Seller’s Rights and Remedies ………………………………………………..
Buyer’s Rights and Remedies ……………………………………………….

LAW OF TORTS

Classification of Torts ………………………………………………............
Differences between Contract, Tort, and Criminal Law ……………….
Difference between Fraud and Misrepresentation ……………………...
Distinguishing between the Various Torts to Land …………………....
Negligence ………………………………………………………………………..
Defenses to a Negligence Action …………………………………………....
Tort Law Defences ………………………………………………………….....

CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE

Functions of Criminal Law ……………………………………………….....
Different Classifications of Crime …………………………………………..
Material Elements of Offence ………………………………………………..
Limitations on Capacity (The UK) …………………………………………..
Corporate Liability ………………………………………………………….....
Classifications of Mental States …………………………………………….
Types of Crimes ………………………………………………………………...
Typical Money Laundering Scheme …………………………………........

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105
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125
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130
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135

Classification of Cyber Criminals …………………………………………..
Inchoate Offences …………………………………………………………......
Parties to a Crime …………………………………………………………......
Secondary Liability …………………………………………………………....
Defences to Criminal Liability ……………………………………………....
Comparison of Diminished Responsibility and Insanity ……………...
Movement of Cases through the Court System ………………………...
Comparison of Civil and Criminal Procedures (USA) ………………….
Levels of Proof …………………………………………………………...........
Who Exercises Discretion? ……………………………………………….....
Types of Evidence Collected During an Investigative Process ……….
Trial Objections ………………………………………………………….........
Sentences Available …………………………………………………………...
Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines Grid ………………………...............
Careers in Criminal Justice: Probation Officer (USA) ………………....

HOMELAND SECURITY

U.S. Department of Homeland Security …………………………………..
Members of the U.S. Intelligence Community ……………………….....
Careers in Criminal Justice: Emergency Response Manager (USA) ..
Criminal Organizations ………………………………………………..........
Theories Regarding Why Gangs Exist ………………………………….....

POLICE FORCES

Law Enforcement Agencies and Their Jurisdictions (USA) ..............
Contemporary Policing: Typical Department Organization of Ser
vices ………………………………………………………………................

United Kingdom Police Ranks …………………………………................
Careers in Criminal Justice: Municipal Police Officer (USA) ............
Summary of Patrol Methods ………………………………………………...
Twenty-Five Techniques of Situational Prevention …………………….
Contemporary Policing: A Linear Use-of-Force Continuum .............
Distinctions between ‘Stop and Frisk’ and Arrest ...........................
Comparison of Administrative Searches and Law Enforcement

Searches ……………………………………………………………………....

Deprivations of Liberty from Stops to Imprisonment .......................
Overview of the Investigative Process ………………………………….....
Warrantless Searches ……………………………………………….............
Things to Watch for When Observing People ………………………......
Obtaining Information: Interview/Interrogation Guidelines ............
Identifying DNA Evidence ……………………………………………….......
Careers in Criminal Justice: Forensic Scientist (USA) ....................
Careers in Criminal Justice: Criminologist (USA) …………………......

JUDICIARY

Court Structure in the UК ………………………………………………......
Outline of the Court Structure in England and Wales ....................
Types of Jurisdiction ………………………………………………..............
Federal and State Jurisdiction (USA) ………………………………….....
Typical State Court System (USA) …………………………………..........

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152

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164
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Federal Court System (USA) ………………………………………………...
The UK Judiciary: Selection and Appointment ………………………....
Lay Magistrates (England and Wales) ………………………………….....
Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Lay Magistrates ...............
Qualifications for Jury Service (UK) ………………………………….......
Grand Juries and Criminal Trial Juries Compared …………………...

ARBITRATION AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION

Methods of Dispute Resolution ……………………………………………..
Classifications of Arbitration ………………………………………………...
Comparison of Alternative Dispute Resolution Methods with a Law
suit ………………………………………………………………………........

Preparing for Your Mediation ……………………………………………….

MAJOR DATA SOURCES …………………………….…………………………

167
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169
170
171
172

173
173

174
175

176

INTRODUCTION

Учебное пособие предназначает
ся для студентов-юристов, обучающихся по программе дополнительной квалификации «Переводчик в
сфере профессиональной коммуникации». Книга содержит дополнительные материалы по тематическим блокам учебного пособия “Legal
English: Advanced Level: Английский
язык для юристов” в трёх частях
(автор: Е.Б. Попов):
юридическая

профессия, право и его источники,
конституционное и административное право, международное право,
право Евросоюза, экологическое законодательство, гражданское право
и процесс, право собственности и
имущественное планирование, семейное право, формы предпринимательства, трудовое право, агентские взаимоотношения, денежные
отношения, страхование и налогообложение, договорное право, продажа товаров, деликтное право, уголовное право и процесс, обеспечение национальной безопасности, по
лиция, судоустройство, арбитраж и
урегулирование споров.

Образовательные тексты,
пред
ставленные в учебном пособии, призваны помочь студентам не только
овладеть ключевыми понятиями и
категориями, сложившимися в англоязычной правовой культуре, но и
усовершенствовать 
навыки 
обра
ботки профессионально значимой
информации на английском языке,
представленной в таблицах, схемах
и рисунках.

Наглядные материалы подобра
ны из различных англоязычных печатных и электронных источников с
целью 
создания
у 
студентов
юристов,
углублённо
изучающих

иностранный язык, целостной и более полной картины правовой действительности в странах изучаемого
языка.
Основные источники ин
формации, 
использованные 
при

создании данного учебного пособия,
указаны в виде ссылок на стр. 176.

Legal Profession in England and Wales1

right of audience – право выступать в суде
maladministration – плохое управление, недобросовестное ведение дел
Legal Services Ombudsman – инспектор по правам работников, оказывающих юриди
ческие услуги

pupillage – практическое профессиональное обучение, стажировка
of merit – заслуженный, достойный
'take silk' – становиться королевским адвокатом (королевские адвокаты носят шёлко
вую мантию)

call to the Bar – принимать в коллегию адвокатов, предоставлять право адвокатской

практики

chambers – контора адвоката

1. Solicitors
- Often are described as the 'general

practitioners’ of law, but solicitors in
larger practices often specialise

- Rights of audience normally only in

County Court and Magistrates’
Court; but solicitors can apply for full
advocacy rights if they have taken the
appropriate training and qualifications

- Training involves a degree in English

law (or degree in another subject plus
Common Professional Exam or Graduate Diploma in Law), followed by a
Legal Practice Course (LPC) and two
years as a trainee (Training Contract)

- Supervised by the Solicitors’ Regula
tion Authority, solicitors normally
work together in partnerships, while
complaints relating to maladministration in the legal profession can be
made to The Legal Services Ombudsman

2. Barristers
- Often thought of as the 'specialists'; the

academic stage of training is normally the
same as for solicitors, but barristers complete a Bar Professional Training Course
(BPTC), followed by a year's pupillage

- Barristers join one of the Inns of Court,

which are responsible for 'calling' members to the Bar

- Supervised by the General Council of the

Bar, barristers have rights of audience in
all courts

- Senior barristers of merit may 'take silk',

becoming Queen's Counsel (QCs)

- Barristers are normally, but not always,

self­employed but share offices known as
'Chambers’

3. Legal Executives
The Institute of Legal Executives (ILEX),
which was developed from the Managing
Clerks Association, represents Legal Executives, who carry out the more routine
legal work. Qualified lawyers, such practitioners will be specialists in a particular
area of law and now have limited rights of
audience in lower courts.

4. Fusion of the Professions
The English Legal System (ELS) is one of only three systems in the world that maintain a divided legal profession. Despite criticism of the present system, the legal professions have argued that fusion would lead to a fall in the quality of advocacy. It has,
however, been claimed that there has been 'fusion by the backdoor', as the Courts
and Legal Services Act 1990 removed solicitors' monopolies over certain tasks such as
conveyancing, as well as barristers' monopoly over advocacy in the senior courts.

LEGAL

PROFESSION
IN ENGLAND
AND WALES

Legal Work in the USA: Attorney2

attorney – адвокат, атторней, юрист, уполномоченный, доверенный (поверенный в

делах)

internship – стажировка, учебная практика

Duties and Characteristics of the Job

•Attorneys use their experience and extensive knowledge of the law and the legal
system to defend the rights of their clients and protect their best interests either in a
legal setting, during a trial, or by settling their grievances in or out of court.
•They also act as legal advisors and engage in such activities as drawing up and/or
interpreting a legal document or contract, and they advise clients of changes in
existing laws.
•Attorneys will often choose a field of specialization such as tax law or intellectual
property and typically work in firms or start their own practice.
•Some work for the federal, state, or local government; others take advantage of
increasing opportunities for employment within businesses.
•Attorneys work long hours; especially if a case goes to trial, a work week of more
than 60 hours is not uncommon.

Job Outlook

•A good academic record from a prestigious law school, as well as work experience,
mobility, and additional education in a field of specialty, are especially helpful.
•Jobs will be most plentiful in urban areas, where there tend to be more law firms,
big businesses, and government offices.

Salary

•Attorneys have a median annual salary of about $95,000.
•An attorney’s salary will depend on type of employer, experience, region, and type of
law being practiced. Extremely successful sole practitioners can win millions in tort
actions.

Opportunities

•Competition for jobs with prestigious firms is fierce because there are more
graduating lawyers than there are job positions.
•Making the law review, publishing law review articles while in school, and obtaining
prestigious internships can be helpful in securing desirable jobs.
•Many lawyers use their education and experience as a means of launching careers
in business, politics, government, or academia.

Qualifications

•A bachelor’s degree in a program that develops strong analytical and writing skills is
recommended for preparation for law school.
•Graduating from an accredited law school and passing the state bar exam are
required.

Education and Training

•Attorneys must stay informed of the latest developments in law and often attend
conferences; many states have continuing legal education (CLE) requirements that
must be met.
•For certain positions, such as law school professor and positions focusing on a
specialty such as patent law, further experience and education will be needed.

Legal Work in the USA: Prosecutor3

convince – убеждать, удостоверять
settle out of court – урегулировать спор без судебного разбирательства
alleged offender – предполагаемый преступник, обвиняемый
scale back – уменьшаться, снижаться

Duties and Characteristics of the Job

•Prosecutors represent the public in criminal trials and are responsible for proving in
court that the accused is guilty of the charges brought against him or her.
•Prosecutors work at the municipal, state, and federal levels of government. During a
trial, a prosecutor is opposed by a defense attorney, who represents the interests of
the accused offender.
•To convince the judge or jury of the defendant’s guilt, the prosecutor questions
witnesses and gives statements, using evidence collected during the investigative
phase of the case.
•Prosecutors also decide which cases to bring to trial and have the authority to settle
cases out of court. Even though they represent the people, prosecutors often meet
with victims of crime and present the case from their point of view when in court.
•Victims of crime and their families, community members, and law enforcement
depend on the prosecutor to prove the guilt of an alleged offender to a jury or judge
and achieve a conviction.

Job Outlook

•Crime rates and budgets dictate the number of job openings. In light of recent
budget crises, prosecutors offices have scaled back on hiring.
•Opportunities should open up on a regular basis, because the position has a high
turnover rate.

Salary

•Entering prosecutors earn an average of $42,500. Senior prosecutors often earn in
excess of $100,000 per year.
•Prosecutors working at federal and state offices tend to earn more than those
working at county and municipal levels. In larger cities, pay will be higher.

Opportunities

•There are opportunities for advancement in larger offices, especially in urban areas.
A state prosecutor may also wish to seek a position as a federal prosecutor.
•After leaving their position, former prosecutors might open up their own private
practice, possibly with the intent of running a lucrative defense attorney business.
•Prosecutors can also seek appointments to prestigious and well-paying judge
positions or choose to leave the practice of law for a political career.

Qualifications

•Like other lawyers, prosecutors need to be comfortable and practiced at public
speaking, and they also need well-developed analytical skills.
•There is something of a political aspect to gaining this position, because in some
areas one must be elected or appointed to it.

Education and Training

•A bachelor’s degree with an emphasis on writing, analytical, and research skills is
necessary.
•Graduating from an accredited law school and passing the state bar exam are
required.

Legal Work in the USA: Paralegal4

trial transcript – расшифровка стенограммы судебного разбирательства
exhibit – вещественное доказательство, представленный документ
brief – краткое изложение дела; документ, подготовленный адвокатом для представле
ния суду, в котором собраны все факты, относящиеся к данному делу

deposition – письменное показание под присягой (вне суда)

What Paralegals and Legal Assistants Do

•Paralegals and legal assistants typically do the following:
• investigate and gather the facts of a case;
• conduct research on relevant laws, regulations, and legal articles;
• organize and maintain documents in paper or electronic filing systems;
• gather and arrange evidence and other legal documents for attorney review and
case preparation;
• write or summarize reports to help lawyers prepare for trials;
• draft correspondence and legal documents, such as contracts and mortgages;
• get affidavits and other formal statements that may be used as evidence in court;
• help lawyers during trials by handling exhibits, taking notes, or reviewing trial
transcripts;
• file exhibits, briefs, appeals and other legal documents with the court or opposing
counsel;
• call clients and witnesses to schedule interviews, meetings, and depositions.

Work Environment

•Paralegals and legal assistants are found in all types of organizations, but most
work for law firms, finance and insurance companies, corporate legal departments,
and government agencies. They usually work full time, and some may have to work
more than 40 hours a week to meet deadlines.

How to Become a Paralegal or Legal Assistant

•Most paralegals and legal assistants have an associate’s degree or a certificate in
paralegal studies. In many cases, employers prefer candidates who have at least 1
year of experience in a law firm or other office setting. In some cases, employers
prefer, or even require, applicants with a bachelor’s degree but no legal experience
or specialized education and train them on the job.

Pay

•The median annual wage for paralegals and legal assistants is $50,000.

Top Ten Reasons to Become a Paralegal

•Paralegals are an indispensable part of the delivery of quality, cost-efficient legal
services.
•The paralegal field is one of the fastest-growing fields of employment in the country,
and that trend is projected to continue.
•Paralegals experience daily intellectual challenges.
•Paralegals have unlimited career growth potential.
•Paralegals have the opportunity to work directly with clients.
•Paralegals work on a wide variety of assignments and have the opportunity to learn
about the legal profession.
•Paralegals are responsible for significant aspects of client service.
•Paralegals are able to work independently.
•Paralegals can help people who need legal representation in order to protect their
rights.

“Practice of Law” versus “Other Work” in a Law Office5

“PRACTICE OF LAW”

“OTHER WORK”
in a Law Office that May Be Done by
Nonlawyers When Supervised by Lawyer

• Giving legal advice
• Supervising legal assis
tants

• Representing clients in

court proceedings (for example, depositions, hearings, trials)

• Appearing at administra
tive hearings

• Performing legal analysis

and preparing legal documents

• Evaluating a case and se
lecting an appropriate
course of action

• Accepting or rejecting a

case

• Setting a fee

• Obtaining facts from a client
• Communicating information to the client
• Interviewing witnesses
• Performing limited legal research to assist an

attorney with legal analysis

• Obtaining documents (for example, police re
ports, medical records, photographs, employment records, deeds, plans, probate records,
weather records)

• Preparing drafts of requests for production of a

document

• Preparing drafts of interrogatories
• Preparing drafts of responses to requests for

production of documents

• Preparing drafts of responses to interrogatories
• Preparing drafts of pleadings
• Preparing correspondence
• Organizing documents and evidence
• Preparing case chronologies
• Preparing deposition summaries
• Preparing exhibit lists
• Organizing and tracking deadlines
• Conducting factual research on the Internet
• Designing/entering litigation support database
• Working with e-discovery requests/software
• Preparing presentations

deposition – письменное показание под присягой (вне суда)
appropriate course of action – надлежащий план действий, подходящий образ действия
set a fee – устанавливать размер оплаты за услуги
legal research – изучение законодательства и правоприменительной практики, иссле
дование положений закона, судебных решений и прецедентов

employment records – записи в трудовой книжке, регистрация работы по найму
deed – юридический документ, скрепленный подписями и печатью, в котором изла
гаются соглашение, обязательства и права сторон

probate records – архивы суда по делам о наследствах
weather records – метеорологические данные
draft of interrogatories – проект опросного листа (перечень вопросов к противной сто
роне, поставленных в письменной форме на предварительном этапе до слушания дела в суде)

pleadings – состязательные бумаги, заявление оснований иска и заявление оснований

для защиты против иска

exhibit list – опись/перечень вещественных доказательств
track deadline – отслеживать сроки выполнения
e-discovery – истребование (представление, раскрытие) имеющихся по делу докумен
тов в электронной форме

Main Branches of Civil and Common Law6

Public

state/individual

Constitutional

Law

Administrative

Law

Criminal

Law

Tax

Law

LAW

Private

individual/individual

Law of

Property

Law of

Succession

Law of

Obligations

Family

Law

Employment

Law

Commercial

Law

Private

International

Law

Etc.

Civil Code

(Civil Law Jurisdictions)

Contract
Tort

Merchants

(civil law)

Commercial

Register

(civil law)

Sale

of Goods

Banking
Insurance

Law

Law of

Business

Organisations

Intellectual

Property

Agency
Etc.

Commercial Code

(Civil Law Jurisdictions)

Antitrust

Law

Environmental

Law

14

Main Branches of Civil and Common Law6

Public

state/individual

Constitutional

Law

Administrative

Law

Criminal

Law

Tax

Law

LAW

Private

individual/individual

Law of

Property

Law of

Succession

Law of

Obligations

Family

Law

Employment

Law

Commercial

Law

Private

International

Law

Etc.

Civil Code

(Civil Law Jurisdictions)

Tort

Merchants

(civil law)

Commercial

Register

(civil law)

Sale

of Goods

Banking
Insurance

Law

Law of

Business

Organisations

Intellectual

Property

Agency
Etc.

Commercial Code

(Civil Law Jurisdictions)

Antitrust

Law

Environmental

Law

14

Public

state/individual

Constitutional

Law

Administrative

Law

Criminal

Law

Tax

Law

LAW

Private

individual/individual

Law of

Property

Law of

Succession

Law of

Obligations

Family

Law

Employment

Law

Commercial

Law

Private

International

Law

Etc.

Civil Code

(Civil Law Jurisdictions)

Contract
Tort

Merchants

(civil law)

Commercial

Register

(civil law)

Sale

of Goods

Banking
Insurance

Law

Law of

Business

Organisations

Intellectual

Property

Agency
Etc.

Commercial Code

(Civil Law Jurisdictions)

Antitrust

Law

Environmental

Law