Современные проблемы сервиса и туризма, 2016, том 10, № 1
научно-практический журнал
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Тематика:
Туристический бизнес
Издательство:
Российский государственный университет туризма и сервиса
Наименование: Современные проблемы сервиса и туризма
Год издания: 2016
Кол-во страниц: 158
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ББК:
- 6543: Экономика общественного питания. Экономика гостиничного хозяйства. Экономика туризма
- 758: Туризм. Альпинизм
- 77: Социокультурная деятельность в сфере досуга
УДК:
- 338: Эк. положение. Эк. политика. Управление и планирование в эк-е. Производство. Услуги. Цены
- 379: Досуг. Туризм
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Современные проблемы сервиса и туризма Научно-практический журнал 2016 Том 10 №1 ГЛАВНЫЙ РЕДАКТОР Афанасьев О.Е. – Российскийгосударственныйуниверситеттуризмаисервиса,Лауреат ГосударственнойпремииУкраинывобластиобразования,д.геогр.н.,проф. РЕДАКЦИОННЫЙ СОВЕТ Федулин А.А. –ректорРоссийскогогосударственногоуниверситетатуризмаисервиса, д.ист.н.,профессор,Председательредакционногосовета; Сафаралиев Г.К.–депутатГДФедеральногоСобранияРФ,ПредседательКомитетаГДпо деламнациональностей,член-корреспондентРАН,д.физ.-мат.н.,проф. Шпилько С.П. –ПрезидентРоссийскогоСоюзаТуриндустрии,членДеловогосоветаВсемирнойтуристическойорганизации(UNWTO),к.экон.н. Александрова А.Ю. – Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова, ЛауреатПремииПравительстваРоссийскойФедерациивоблаституризма,д.геогр.н.,проф. Василенко В.А. –КрымскийфедеральныйуниверситетимениВ.И.Вернадского,ЗаслуженныйдеятельнаукиитехникиУкраины,д.экон.н.,проф. Ветитнев А.М. –Сочинскийгосударственныйуниверситет,д.экон.н.,проф. МЕЖДУНАРОДЫЙ РЕДАКЦИОННЫЙ СОВЕТ Андрадес-Калдито Л. –УниверситетЭстремадуры(Испания),координаторNETOUR,PhD, проф. Бейдик А.А. – Киевский национальный университет им. Тараса Шевченко (Украина), д.геогр.н.,проф. Влодарчик Б. – Лодзинскийуниверситет(Польша),директорИнститутагеографиигородовитуризма,PhD,проф. Диманш Ф. –УниверситетРайерсона(Канада),директорШколыгостеприимстваитуристическогоменеджментаТедаРоджерса,PhD,проф. Дуайер Л. –УниверситетНовогоЮжногоУэльса(Австралия),PhD,проф. Иванов С.Х.–Варненскийуниверситетменеджмента(Болгария),PhD,проф. Корстанье М.Э. –УниверситетПалермо(Аргентина),PhD,ст.науч.сотр. Мюллер Д. –УниверситетУмео(Швеция),PhD,проф. Неделиа А.-М.–Сучавскийуниверситетим.ШтефаначелМаре(Румыния),PhD,доц. Пулидо-Фернандес Х.И.–УниверситетХаэна(Испания),PhD,проф. Радж Р.–ГородскойуниверситетЛидса(Великобритания),PhD Речкоски Р. –ГосударственныйуниверситетСвятогоКлиментаОхридского(Македония), д.юрид.н.,проф. Сааринен Я.Ю.–УниверситетОулу(Финляндия),вице-президентМеждународногогеографическогосоюза(IGU),PhD,проф. Сигала М.–УниверситетЮжнойАвстралии(Австралия),PhD,проф. Теркенли Ф.–УниверситетЭгейскогоморя(Греция),PhD,проф. Тюрнер Л.У. –УниверситетВиктории(Австралия),PhD,проф.–исслед. Уонхилл С.Р.Ч.–Лимерикскийуниверситет(Ирландия),PhD,адъюнкт-проф. Фу Я.-И. –Индианскийуниверситет–УниверситетПердьювИндианаполисе(США), PhD,доц. Холл К.М. –УниверситетКентербери(НоваяЗеландия),PhD,проф. Хью-Августис С.–ГосударственныйуниверситетБолл(США),PhD,проф. Шовал Н.–ЕврейскийуниверситетвИерусалиме(Израиль),PhD,проф. РЕДАКЦИОННАЯ КОЛЛЕГИЯ Вапнярская О.И. – Российский государственный университет туризма и сервиса, к.экон.н.,доц. Кривошеева Т.М. – Российский государственный университет туризма и сервиса, к.экон.н., доц. Лагусев Ю.М.–Российскийгосударственныйуниверситеттуризмаисервиса,д.пед.н., проф. Минаев В.А.–Российскийгосударственныйуниверситеттуризмаисервиса,вед.науч. сотр.,д.тех.н.,проф. Мосалев А.И.–Российскийгосударственныйуниверситеттуризмаисервиса,к.экон.н.,доц. Николаев Е.М.–Московскийгуманитарныйуниверситет,генеральныйдиректорГруппы компаний«Путешественник-traveller»,к.экон.н.,доц. Платонова Н.А.–Российскийгосударственныйуниверситеттуризмаисервиса,д.экон.н., проф. Саенко Н.Р.–Российскийгосударственныйуниверситеттуризмаисервиса,д.филос.н., проф. Ульянченко Л.А. – Российский государственный университет туризма и сервиса, д.экон.н.,доц. ОТВЕТСТВЕННЫЙ СЕКРЕТАРЬ: Логачева И.Н. ПЕРЕВОД: Афанасьева А.В.–к.геогр.н.,доц. УЧРЕДИТЕЛЬ: Федеральноегосударственное бюджетноеобразовательное учреждениевысшегообразования «Российский государственный университет туризма и сервиса». Журналоснованв2007г. Выходит4разавгод. ОСНОВНЫЕ СВЕДЕНИЯ О ЖУРНАЛЕ: DOI: 10.12737/issn.1995–0411 ISSN: 1995-0411 eISSN:2414-9063 ЗарегистрированвФедеральной службепонадзорузасоблюдением законодательствавсферемассовых коммуникацийиохранекультурного наследия(свид-воорегистрацииСМИ ПИФС77–31758от25.04.2008 г.). ВключенвПереченьведущих рецензируемыхнаучныхжурналов иизданийВАКРФ(распоряжение МинобрнаукиРоссии№ Р-161от 30.09.2015),вкоторыхмогутбыть опубликованыосновныерезультаты диссертационныхисследований. Включенвнаукометрическиебазы РИНЦ,ERIHPLUS,GoogleScholar, UlrichsWebидр.,индексируется вбазеданныхнаучнойэлектронной библиотекиeLibrary.ru. Ссылкинажурналприцитировании обязательны.Редколлегияневсегда разделяетвысказанныеавторами публикациймнения,позиции, положения,нопредоставляет возможностьдлянаучнойдискуссии. ПОДПИСКА НА ЖУРНАЛ: Индексвобъединенномкаталоге «ПрессаРоссии»–Р81607; индексвкаталоге«ПочтаРоссии»– 82834; черезИнтернетнасайтахarpk.org, pressa-rf.ru,ural-press.ru,delpress.ru; редакторскаяподписка: editor@spst-journal.org КОНТАКТЫ: Адресредакции:141221,РФ, Московскаяобл.,Пушкинскийр-н, д. п.Черкизово,ул.Главная,99,к.1. Тел./факс:(495)940–83–61,62,63, доб.395;моб.+7(967)246–35–69 Web:http://spst-journal.org e-mail:redkollegiaMGUS@mail.ru, olafn_dp@mail.ru, editor@spst-journal.org ОТПЕЧАТАНО: ГУПМО«Коломенскаятипография», 100400,МО,г. Коломна, ул.3-гоИнтернационала,2а. Тел.:(496)618–60–16, fax:(496)618–62–87 http://www.kolomna-print.ru Усл.печ.л.18,25.Тираж500экз. Заказ№ 49.
Service & Tourism: Current Challenges Scientific and practical journal 2016 Vol. 10 №1 EDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Oleg E. Afanasiev –RussianStateUniversityofTourismandService(RF),PhD(Dr.Sc.)inGeography,LaureateoftheStatePrizeofUkraineinthesphereofeducation EDITORIAL COUNCIL Alexander A. Fedulin –RectorofRussianStateUniversityofTourismandService(RF),PhD (Dr.Sc.)inHistory,Professor,ChairmanofEditorialCouncil Gadzhimet K. Safaraliev –ChairmanoftheStateDumaRFCommitteeonNationalities,PhD (Dr.Sc.),Professor Sergey P. Shpil’ko –ChairmanofMoscowTourismCommittee(RF),PresidentoftheRussian UnionofTravelIndustry,memberoftheBusinessCounciloftheWorldTourismOrganization, PhDinEconomics Anna Yu. Aleksandrova –LomonosovMoscowStateUniversity(RF),PhD(Dr.Sc.)inGeography, Professor Valentin A. Vasilenko –TauridaNational V.VernadskyUniversity(Crimea),PhD(Dr.Sc.)inEconomics,Professor Alexander M. Vetitnev –SochiStateUniversity(RF),PhD(Dr.Sc.)inEconomics,Professor INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL COUNCIL Lidia Andrades-Caldito –UniversityofExtremadura(Spain),NeTourCoordinator,PhDinEconomics,Professor Аlexander A. Bejdyk –TarasShevchenkoNationalUniversityofKyiv(Ukraine),PhD(Dr.Sc.)in Geography,Professor Frederic Dimanche –RyersonUniversity(Canada),DirectoroftheTedRogersSchoolofHospitalityandTourismManagement,PhD,Professor Larry Dwyer–UniversityofNewSouthWales(Australia),SchoolofMarketing,AustralianBusinessSchool,PhD,Professor Yao-Yi Fu–IndianaUniversity–PurdueUniversityIndianapolis(USA),PhD,AssociateProfessor C. Michael Hall–UniversityofCanterbury(NewZealand),PhD,Professor Sotiris Hji-Avgoustis–BallStateUniversity(USA),PhD,Professor Stanislav H. Ivanov–VarnaUniversityofManagement(Bulgaria),ViceRectorforAcademic AffairsandResearch,PhD,Professor Maximiliano E. Korstanje–UniversityofPalermo(Argentina),PhD,SeniorResearchers Dieter K. Müller–UmeaUniversity(Sweden),PhD,Professor Alexandru-M. Nedelea–StefancelMareUniversityofSuceava(Romania),PhD,AssociateProfessor Juan I. Pulido-Fernandez–UniversityofJaen(Spain),PhD,AssociateProfessor Razaq Raj–LeedsBeckettUniversity(UK),PhD Risto Rechkoski – State University «Sv.Kliment Ohridski» (FYROM/Macedonia), PhD (Dr.Sc.)inLaw,Professor Jarkko J. Saarinen–UniversityofOulu(Finland),Vice-PresidentoftheInternational GeographicalUnion(IGU),PhD,Professor Noam Shoval –HebrewUniversityofJerusalem(Israel),PhD,Professor Marianna Sigala–UniversityofSouthAustralia(Australia),PhD,Professor Theano S. Terkenli–UniversityoftheAegean(Greece),PhD,Professor Lindsay W. Turner – VictoriaUniversity(Australia),CollegeofBusiness,PhD,Research Professor Stephen R.C. Wanhill–UniversityofLimerick(IRELAND),PhD,AdjunctProfessor Bogdan Wlodarczyk –UniversityofLodz(Poland),DirectoroftheInstituteofUrbanand Tourism,PhD,Professor EDITORIAL BOARD Ol’ga I. Vapnyarskaya –RussianStateUniversityofTourismandService(RF),PhDin Economics Tatiana M. Krivosheeva –RussianStateUniversityofTourismandService(RF),PhDin Economics Yuriy M. Lagusev –RussianStateUniversityofTourismandService(RF),PhD(Dr.Sc.)in Pedagogic,Professor Vladimir A. Minaev –RussianStateUniversityofTourismandService(RF),PhD(Dr.Sc.) inTechnical,Professor Anton I. Mosalev–RussianStateUniversityofTourismandService(RF),PhDinEconomics,AssociateProfessor Evgeniy M. Nikolaev –MoscowUniversityfortheHumanities(RF),DirectorGeneralof Tourismofthe«Puteshestvennik-Traveller», PhDinEconomics,AssociateProfessor Nataliya A. Platonova –RussianStateUniversityofTourismandService(RF),PhD(Dr.Sc.) inEconomics,Professor Natalya R. Saenko–RussianStateUniversityofTourismandService(RF),PhD(Dr.Sc.)inPhilosophy,Professor Ljudmila A. Ulyanchenko –RussianStateUniversityofTourismandService(RF),PhD(Dr.Sc.) inEconomics EXECUTIVE SECRETARY: Irina N. Logacheva INTERPRETER: Alexandra V. Afanasieva,PhDinGeography PUBLISHER: RussianStateUniversity ofTourismandService(RF). Foundedin2007. Published4issuesayear. BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT THE JOURNAL: DOI: 10.12737/issn.1995–0411 ISSN: 1995-0411 eISSN:2414-9063 JournalregisteredbytheFederalService forSupervisionofLegislationinMass CommunicationsandCulturalHeritage Protection,RF (Reg.ПИФС77–21758issued 25.04.2008). Peer-reviewedjournal. Thejournalwasincludedinthelistof theleadingpeer-reviewedscientific journalsrecommendedbytheHigher AttestationCommissionforpublication ofthesisresults. ThejournalisincludedintheRussian ScienceCitationIndex,ERIHPLUS, GoogleScholar,UlrichsWeb,etc. ThejournalisavailableintheScientific ElectronicLibrary(http://elibrary.ru). Allrightsreserved. Citationwithreferenceonly. Disclaimer–http://stcc-journal.org/ index/disclaimer/0–36 CONTACTS: Editorialoffice:141221,Russia, Moscowregion,Pushkinodistrict, villageCherkizovo, 99Glavnajastr.,build.1. Tel./fax:+7.495.940 8361,62,63, add.395;mob.+7.967.246 3569 Web:http://stcc-journal.org e-mail:redkollegiaMGUS@mail.ru, editor@spst-journal.org
Содержание 5 КОЛОНКА ГЛАВНОГО РЕДАКТОРА Туристскиекластерыидестинации:проблемысозданияипродвижения ЛОКАЛЬНОЕ В ГЛОБАЛЬНОМ: ФОРМУЛА ТУРИЗМА Туристские системы и кластерные модели 7 Корстанье М.Э., Сколл Д.Р. Рискивтуризме:комплексныйподходкпониманиюбезопасности всферетуризма 19 Коль О.Д. Развитиетеориитуристскихсистемприменительноккрупнымгородам 27 Хетагурова В.Ш., Умаралиев Р.А. Кластерныйподходприразработкестратегииразвитиятуризма напостсоветскомпространстве(напримереРеспубликиКыргызстан) 37 Афанасьев О.Е. Типологиятуристскихкластеров,включенныхвФЦП«Развитиевъездного ивнутреннеготуризмавРоссийскойФедерации» РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ТУРИСТCКОГО СЕРВИСА Опыт формирования туристских кластеров и дестинаций в регионах 47 Александрова А.Ю., Владимиров Ю.Л. ОсобенностисозданиятуристскихкластероввРоссии(напримереВологодскойобласти) 59 Дыбаль М.А. РазвитиекластераделовоготуризмавСанкт-Петербурге 67 Розанова Л.Н., Мухаметова Л.Р. СовременныйтуристскийкластерРеспубликиТатарстан 75 Жулина М.А., Кицис В.М. ЛокальныетуристскиекластерыРеспубликиМордовия: формированиеифункционирование 83 Подсолонко В.А., Подсолонко Е.А. Концептуальныеосновыкластернойорганизацииразвития Крымскогорекреационногомакрорегиона 95 Василенко В.А., Василенко А.В. ОсобенностиформированияиразвитиякурортныхкластеровдестинацийвКрыму 105 Нездойминов С.Г. Региональноеразвитиерынкакруизныхуслуг(напримереСеверногоПричерноморья) 111 Светов С.А., Колесников Н.Г., Колесникова Н.В. ПредпосылкиорганизациигеопарковвРеспубликеКарелия 120 Яковенко Н.В. Малоепредпринимательствокакфакторразвитиятуристскойдестинации вдепрессивномрегионе(Ивановскаяобласть) РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ СТУДИИ ТУРИЗМА 128 Кропинова Е.Г. Комплексныйподходприпланированиииуправлениитрансграничнымитуристскими кластерами(напримерероссийско-литовско-польскоготрансграничноготуристскорекреационногорегиона,прилегающегокоз.Виштынецкое) 135 Мерзлякова Г.В., Баталова Л.В. Созданиетуристско-рекреационногокластера«Камскийберег»вУдмуртскойРеспублике 142 Петрик Л.С., Кудрявцева П.А. РазработкаконцепцииэтнокомплексакактуристскогокластеравРеспубликеТатарстан 148 Анисимова В.В., Романова И.А., Некрасова М.Л., Рововая Т.А. ОценкадоступностибазотдыханатерриторииКраснодарскогокрая 156 ТУРИСТСКО-ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЙ ЦЕНТР РГУТИС Повседневнаяжизнь,туризмидосугулиц«PauliceiasDesvariadas» 158 РЕЙТИНГ ТуристскиерейтингигородовРоссии
Content 5 EDITOR’S NOTE Tourismclusteranddestination:challengesofcreationandpromotion LOCAL IN GLOBAL: FORMULA FOR TOURISM Tourism systems & cluster models 7 Maximiliano E. Korstanje, Geoffrey R. Skoll Touristrisk:Anallencompassingmodeltounderstandsafetyintourismfields 19 Olga D. Kol Developmentoftourismsystemstheoryappliedtoabigcity 27 Valeriya Sh. Khetagurova, Ruslan A. Umaraliev Theclusterapproachintourismdevelopmentstrategyonthepost-Sovietspace (experienceoftheKyrgyzRepublic) 37 Oleg E. Afanasiev Typologyoftourismclusters,includedinfederaltargetprogram«Developmentofinbound anddomestictourismintheRussianFederation» REGIONAL ISSUES OF TOURISM SERVICE Experience of establishment of tourism clusters and destinations in the regions 47 Anna Yu. Aleksandrova, Yury L. Vladimirov FeaturesofestablishmentoftourismclustersinRussia(experienceofVologdaregion) 59 Mikhail A. Dybal ClusterdevelopmentofbusinesstourisminSaintPetersburg 67 Lada N. Rozanovа, Landysh R. Mukhametova ModerntourismclustertheRepublicofTatarstan 75 Marina A. Zhulina, Vyacheslav M. Kitsis LocaltourismclustersintheRepublicofMordovia:theestablishmentandfunctioning 83 Vladimir A. Podsolonko, Elena A. Podsolonko ConceptualbasesofclusterorganizationoftheCrimeanrecreationalmacroregion 95 Valentin A. Vasilenko, Аleksandr V. Vasilenko PeculiaritiesofforminganddevelopmentofthedestinationhealthresortclustersinCrimea 105 Sergey G. Nezdoyminov Regionaldevelopmentofthemarketofcruiseservices(experienceofNorthBlackSeaCoast) 111 Sergey A. Svetov, Nikolai G. Kolesnikov Natalia V. Kolesnikova PreconditionsforgeoparksestablishmentintheRepublicofKarelia 120 Nataliya V. Yakovenko Smallbusinessasthefactoroftouristdestinationdevelopmentinadepressedregion (theIvanovoregionisanexample) REGIONAL TOURISM STUDIES 128 Elena G. Kropinova Anintegratedapproachtotheplanningandmanagementofatransboundary tourismcluster(ThecaseofRussian-Lithuanian-Polishcross-bordertourism andrecreationalregion,adjacenttotheVishtynetskoeLake) 135 Galina V. Merzlyakova, Larisa V. Batalova Developmentofthetourism-recreationcluster«Kamskiybereg»intheUdmurtRepublic 142 Lyudmila S. Petrik, Polina A. Kudryavtseva Conceptualizationofethno-complexastourismclusterinTatarstan 148 Victoria V. Anisimova, Irina A. Romanova, Marina L. Nekrasova, Tatiana A. Rovovaya AccessibilityassessmentofrecreationfacilitiesinKrasnodarregion 156 RSUTS TOURIST INFORMATION CENTER Everydaylife,tourismandleisureofstreetsinPauliceiasDesvariadas 158 RATING TourismratingofcitiesinRussia
КОЛОНКА ГЛАВНОГО РЕДАКТОРА EDITORS NOTE ТУРИСТСКИЕ КЛАСТЕРЫ И ДЕСТИНАЦИИ: ПРОБЛЕМЫ СОЗДАНИЯ И ПРОДВИЖЕНИЯ Уважаемыеколлеги! Редакцияжурнала«Современныепроблемысервисаитуризма»радаприветствоватьВасвыходомпервоговыпускав2016 г. Этотгоддлянасюбилейный–осеньюмы отметим 10-летие существования нашего журнала. Данный «возрастной рубеж» журнал проходитдостойно,занимаяважнуюнишу информационногоресурсадляроссийского профессионального сообщества сферы туристского сервиса. Сегодня мы начинаем интеграцию в мировое информационное и профессиональное пространство, постоянно расширяя присутствие журнала вразличныхмеждународныхиндексахцитирования, реферативных базах данных, интернет-агрегаторах научной информации. Мы рады приветствовать новых членов международной редакционной коллегии журнала – это более 20 всемирно известныхученых,многиенаучныепубликациикоторыхужесегоднясталиклассикой мировой туристской научной мысли. Мы благодарныимзапризнаниенашегожурналаиготовностьксотрудничеству. Сегоднякакроссийская,такимировая туристская индустрия, несмотря на статистические показатели роста турпотоков, переживаеткризисныеявления,имеющие характерсистемных.Этообусловленомножественностью факторов. Одним из главных факторов можно назвать назревшую необходимостьпоискапринципиальноновых моделей функционирования отрасли туристскихуслуг,интенсификациииоптимизации системы взаимодействия между всемиеесоставляющими. По мнению многих исследователей, путьдальнейшегоразвитиясферытуризма и гостеприимства лежит через выработку принципиальноиныхмоделейорганизации, TOURISM CLUSTER AND DESTINATION: CHALLENGES OF CREATION AND PROMOTION Distinguishedcolleagues! Editors of the journal «Sservice&Tourism:Currentchallenges»ispleasedtowelcomeyoubythereleaseofthefirstissuein 2016.Thisyearisanniversaryforus–inthe autumnwecelebratethe10thanniversary of the existence of our journal. This «age limit»thejournalpasseswithdignity.Today itoccupiesanimportantnicheofaninformationresourcefortheRussianprofessionalcommunity ofthetourist service.Today webegintheintegrationtotheglobalinformation and professional space, constantly expanding the presence of the journal in various international citation indices, abstract databases, and Internet aggregators of scientific information. We welcome the newmembersoftheinternationaleditorial board–morethan20world-renownedscientists, whose many scientific publications havealreadybecomeclassicsofworldtourismscience.Wearegratefultothemforthe recognitionofourjournalandwillingnessto cooperation. Today, despite the statistical indicators ofgrowthoftouristflows,boththeRussian andglobaltourismindustryexperiencescrisissignshavingthecharacterofthesystem. Thisiscausedbymultiplefactors.Oneofthe mainfactorsislong-standingneedstofinda fundamentally new model of functioning of thetouristservicessector,theintensification and optimization of the interaction system betweenallitscomponents. Accordingtomanyresearchers,theway of the further development of tourism and hospitalitypassesthroughgenerationfundamentallyneworganizationmodelsofproduction andrendering servicesbothwithin the individual destinations and groups of them («bushes»). Last has been reflected in the conceptof«tourismandrecreationcluster»,
производства и предоставления услуг как впределахотдельновзятыхдестинаций,так иихгрупп–«кустов».Последнеенашлосвое выражениевпонятии«туристско-рекреационного кластера», представляющего собой территориальное сочетание дестинаций ипроизводителей,потребителейуслуг.Всовременныхусловияхрастущейконкуренции дестинаций за потребителя все большее значение имеет их способность удовлетворить весь спектр потребностей отдельно взятого туриста. Время «групповых услуг», ориентированныхнамассовогопотребителя,ужебезвозвратноушловпрошлое. Кластерныйподходсегодняопределен каксистемообразующийвпроцессеформированиятуристскихвнутреннихивъездных туристских потоков в России. Но остается дискуссионным вопрос относительно репрезентативности кластерными моделями реальной системы туристских территорий. Так, например, исторический центр Москвы – давно сложившийся и реально существующий туристский кластер, который, тем не менее, официально такого статуса неимеет,даиврядлитаковойздесьнеобходим.Тогдавозможнолисистемутуризма встраневыстроитьнаосновекластерного подхода,ибудетлитакаясистемаобъективно отражать реальную картину? Дискуссионныхвопросовнамногобольше,иответы нанихоченьнепросты.Втекущемномере журналамыпостаралисьсоединитьмнения отечественныхизарубежныхученыхнапроблематику развития туристских кластеров и дестинаций, рассмотреть теоретические и практические проблемы формирования туристскихкластеров,предоставитьнашим читателям некий срез научных мнений на обозначенную проблематику. Но работа надномеромпоказала,чтоограниченным пообъемувыпускомжурналаданнуюпроблематикунеисчерпать,издесьнеобходимофундаментальноеисследованиеколлектива авторов. Приглашаем наших авторов ичитателейкданнойколлективнойработе. Главный редактор проф. О.Е. Афанасьев whichisaterritorialcombinationofdestinationsandproducers,andconsumers. Today, increasing competition of destinationsfortheconsumerrequirestheabilitytomeetthefullrangeofneedsofasingle tourist,andthisconditionbecomemoreand more important. Time of «group services» targeted at the mass consumer became a thingofthepast. Today the cluster approach is defined as a system in the process of formation of touristdomesticandinboundtourismflows inRussia.Butthequestionaboutrepresentationofarealsystemoftourismareasby cluster models remains controversial. For example, the historical center of Moscow isthelong-establishedandreal-lifetourism cluster.Butofficiallyitdoesn’thavesuchstatus,andmaybedoesn’tneedit.Thequestion thenbecomes,isitpossibleinthiscaseto buildatourismsysteminthecountrybased ontheclusterapproach,andwhethersucha systemtoobjectivelyreflecttherealpicture? Wehavealotmoreofdiscussionquestions, andtheanswersarenoteasy.Inthecurrent issueofthejournal,wetriedtocombinethe viewsofdomesticandforeignscientistson the problems of development of tourism clustersanddestinations.Wealsomadean efforttoconsiderthetheoreticalandpracticalproblemsofformationoftouristcluster and to give our readers a slice of the scientificopinionsontheindicatedproblems. Buttheworkontheissueshowedthatthis problematicscouldn’tbeexhaustedinone, limitedbyvolume,journal’sissue,andthere isaneedoffundamentalstudyofagroupof authors.Weinviteourreadersandauthors tothiscollectivework. Editor-in-chief Prof. Oleg E. Afanasiev
ЛОКАЛЬНОЕ В ГЛОБАЛЬНОМ: ФОРМУЛА ТУРИЗМА Туристские системы и кластерные модели LOCAL IN GLOBAL: FORMULA FOR TOURISM Tourism systems & cluster models UDC368:338.48 DOI:10.12737/17779 Maximiliano E. Korstanjea, Geoffrey R. Skollb aUniversityofPalermo(BuenosAires,Argentina);PhD,Professor;e-mail:mkorst@palermo.edu bBuffaloStateCollegetheStateUniversityofNewYork(Buffalo,NY,USA);PhD,Associate Professor;e-mail:skollgr@buffalostate.edu,skoll@uwm.edu TOURIST RISK: AN ALL ENCOMPASSING MODEL TO UNDERSTAND SAFETY IN TOURISM FIELDS Though risk perception theory has advanced a lot over the last decades, its preferred methodologies much of them closed-led questionnaires or intrusive instruments obscures the derived conclusions. This text aims not only to explore the problems and limitation of risk perception theory to understand the difference between fear, anxiety, panic and risk, but also the tourist-safety. The adoption of risk research, post 9/11 was based on quantitative methods alone. This creates a serious conceptual myopia to understand the connection of risk and late-capitalism. Our attempt to fulfill this gap is shown in this essay-review. Keywords: risk, fears, tourism, disasters, epistemology. 1. Introduction. Everyculturehasdevelopedwaystoadapttoitsenvironment.One method is the construction of feared object whichservesasamechanismtoadjustsocial perceptionsofdanger.Elementswhichinstill fearvaryfromonesocietytoanother[35].In recentyearspolicymakersinthetourismand hospitalityindustryhaveacknowledgedproblemswithmassmediainmaintainingimagesof touristdestinations.Throughaneverchanging world,wherehumankindseemstobesubject to a state of instability, the tourism industry isaffectedbyakindofriskinflation.Though many sociologists have observed that risks are inextricably intertwined with postmodernism[4,6,22,45],thefactisthattheterm waswidelyadoptedbytourismfieldsafterthe September 11, 2001 (9/11) attacks to World TradeCenterandPentagon[8,11,12,17,18, 49].Theattackscausedseriousfinanciallosses totourismevenyearsaftertheevent.Inpart, thishasbeenbecauseterroristsemployedmobiletechnologies,whicharetheprideofWest, against the symbolic epicenter of world. At bottom,themessagewasthatnobodywillfeel safeanywhereanymore[29,34,78]. Althoughtheconceptofriskhasserved scholarshiponthesafetyoftouristdestina tions,thereremainsmuchtosayaboutthe conceptualproblemsofrisk.Thepresentessayaimstoexplorenotonlytherootsofrisk incapitalistsocietiesandattendantmethodological limitations, but also to differentiate amongfear,risk,andsafety.Wearguethatan allencompassingmodelisneededtounderstandtourismrisksandneedsforprotection requiredbytheindustry. 2. Fear. Fear can be defined as a basic emotion, which protects the survival of anorganism.Notjusthumanbeings,butall animalsexperiencefearofexternalthreateningstimuli.Alertedbyfear,theorganismhas threepossiblereactions:paralysis,attack,or withdrawal[20,44,54,65].Nonetheless,the concepts of behavioral psychology have not embracedbyothersocialsciences.Anthropologyhasdevelopeditsownsenseofwhatfear means.Although,recognizingastrongneurobiologicalbasisthatreducesorenhancesthe fear,ethnologistsevaluatethesocialfactors bywhichsomefearsareover-valorizedwhile otherrejected[47].Therefore,cultureplaysa vitalrolenotonlyconferringaspecificmeaningtoobjects,butalsotofears. MaryDouglas,apioneerscholarinterestedinexploringtheconnectionoffear,evil,and
Корстанье Максимилиано Эмануэль, Сколл Джеффри Р. risk,arguedthatpsychologicalfearrepresents anattempttoreactwhenfacedwithahostile situation.Tosomeextent,thepreservationof cultureisatstakeincontextsofuncertaintyor instability.Whensocialized,fearunitesasociety.Withoutfear,Douglasadded,societies would experience substantial fragmentation [14]. In subsequent studies, Douglas developedanewthesisarguingthatrisk,danger, andsinareintertwinedsocialconstructs.Sin andriskgivefurtherlegitimacytothestatus quo, which would otherwise discredit privilegedgroupsiftheydidnotgivesolutionsto laypeople.Riskandsinbothproviderationalizationsforhowtheworldworks.Thepotentialityofthreatprovideslegitimationforsocial solidarityandstatushierarchies[15]. Anthropological perspectives gained lessnoticeintheirtreatmentoftheproblem of fear for two reasons. First, psychological explanations advanced considerably with recourse to neuro-dynamic explanations for emotions. Second, sociologists tended to devote attention to risk. Consequently, the qualitative meaning and narrative of fear failedtoexpandtoothersocialareasofstudy. In psychology, fear represents a basic emotion.Academicpsychologistshavelargelyeschewedqualitativeapproachestostudyfear. Theyhaveleftthestudyoffearasasubjective experienceinthehandsofphilosophy. Philosophically,theselfexperiencesanxietywhenfacedwithadecision.Existentialism definedanxietyasaresultoffreedomoruncertainty.Theselfoptsforawayoutofchoosing. Whilefearcorrespondswithaspecificobject orstimulus,anxietyhasanabstractnatureproducedbythepresenceofnothingness[27,31]. 3. Risk. Following the observations of K. Tierney, risks should be defined as any probabilityofdamageresultingfromanevent wheretheintegritiesofvictimsareatstake.In recentdecades,sociologistshavetreatedrisk asasocialconstruction.Withinsociology,two contrastingwaveshavehistoricallydiscussed thenatureofrisk[67].Onegroupexploredthe probabilityofharm,focusingontheeffectsof unseenriskforsocialsystems.Anotherpaid attentiontotheperceptionofcitizensandthe paradoxesthisgenerates[16].Thespecialized literatureinriskmanagementtookthepragmaticperspectivethatbadevaluationsofrisk mayleadtobaddecisions.Inthissense,effortstomitigaterisksopennewones[52]. Z.Bauman[3]explainedthatrisksaresocialconstructionstotrytocontrolthefuture.In theMiddleAges,happinesswasthoughttobe restrictedtofewpeople,whocanattainitonly throughsufferingandexpiation.TheAmerican Revolutionintroducedaradicalchangeinthe waythathappinesswasconceived,assuggestedbyThomasJefferson’sclaimintheDeclarationofIndependence(1776)thatthepursuit ofhappinessisaselfevidenttruthofthehumancondition.Thisassertionofaglobalright to happiness broadened its possibilities, but linkedthepossibilityofhappinesstofreedom andchoices.Risk,then,cametoregulatethe uncertaintyofthefuture,butalsoconferredon thesubjecttheliabilityforfailuretobehappy. Ulrich Beck has argued that modernity opened new global risks, which were alien tothemedievalworldview.Chernobylinthe Ukrainewasthesymbolicoftheroleplayed by technology in fabricating new risks. In Beck’sview,technologyhadhelpedenhance security,buttodayitgeneratesnewanddire risksthatthreatenhumanexistence.InBeck’s «risksociety»theoldmodesofproduction, which fabricated commodities, have turned intomethodsthatproducerisks[4,5].ParalleltoBeck,AnthonyGiddensacknowledged globalization as a project based on two key factors.Thefirstisthatmoneyhascometo serveasamechanismofconnectingpresence with absences, or needs with their satisfaction throughout the world. The second elementisanetworkofexperts,whonotonly evaluatepotentialrisksbutalsodeviseways formitigatingrisks.Startingfromthepremise thatexpertsmonopolizethetrustoflaypeople,forGiddens,riskiswhatsocietycreatesto sustainitsefficientfunctioning[22,23]. In opposition to Giddens´s argument, NiklasLuhmannhascriticizedthethesisofrisk societybecauseoftheincreasingalarmismit spreadsinpublicconsciousness.Certainly,Luhmannadds,risksalwaysarerootedintoapreviousprofitsorbenefit,wherebythesubject shoulddecide.Itcorrespondswiththeprincipleofcontingency.UnfortunatelyBeckdidnot contemplatethedistinctionbetweenriskand threat.Whilerisksignifiesapreviousdecision bytheself,threatreferstosomethingexternal
Современные проблемы сервиса и туризма № 1/2016 Том 10 totheself.Aterroristattack,anairplaneaccident,oranaturaldisasterarethreats,sincethe victimshavenowaytoreversethesituation. Thepassengersinanairplanecrashhaveno wayofavoidingtheharm.Incontrast,forthe airtravelcompanyowner,whooptedtoreduce costs,theaccidentsarearisk.Generally,those whomakethedecisionaregeneratorsofrisks. Theyarenotthesameasthosewhofacethe risks[45].J.Richardsonsaysthatthreatswhich jeopardizesocietyareintroducedinthesocial systembymeansofknowledge.Risk,inthese terms,wouldbetheeffortstointellectualize thefuturebyoffsettingcostsandbenefits.The finaldecisionmadeonthepossibilitytoface oravoidthedamageisgivenbythedegreeof contingency, with respect to the problem to be solved [60]. This seems to be the reason whytechnologydesignedtomitigaterisksundersomeconditionsofuncertainty,generates newrisks.Adiscussionofthisnature,coinedin thecoreofsocialsciences,hasnotbeenduly evaluatedintourismfields.Inthenextsection, someofthemorerelevantstudiesintourism riskarescrutinized. 4. Tourist Risk. Thetheoryofriskperception has more than forty years of empirical researchbehindit.Nonetheless,ithasbeen adoptedbytourismindustryonlyaftertheattacksof9/11[7,8,11,12,19,24,41,75].Why isriskimportantfortourismindustry? S.Dolnicar[11]arguedthattheintangibilityoftouristproductsgeneratesahighdegreeofuncertaintyinconsumers.Hesaidthat thetouristindustryneedsamodelthathelps policymakerstodelineateanddefinetypesof riskssothatmitigationscanbedeployed.Followingthisargument,A.FuchsandG.Reichel [21]classifyrisksdependingonthehumanintervention:thereareriskswhicharefabricated byhumanbeings,whileotherslikedisasters followednaturalreasons.Inrecentdecades, theworldhaswitnesseddisastersandcrises whichhaveaffectedtourism.J.C.Henderson [28]evaluatedtheimportanceofriskmanagementplanstomitigatepotentialriskfortheindustry.Ifrisksarecontrolled,thedisastercan beprevented.Theperceptionofrisk,farfrom beingpathological,isconducivetorecreatea precautionaryprinciplesothatthesocietycan avoidthecatastrophe.Thetheoryofriskappliedinthecontextofleisureandtourismcan beclassifiedinfourmaincategories:a)social bonds,b)nationalityandculturaldifferences, c)residency,d)personality. Scholarswhoassertthatriskperception islimitedorenhancedbythetrusttravellers have were very popular in the first decade of the twenty-first century. They proposed thatthosetravelerswhowereaccompanied byrelativesorfriendsperceivelessriskthan othergroups.Thesentimentsofvulnerability areawakenedwhenthetravelersgobeyond thesecurityofhomewouldbecontrolledby the social trust associated with accompanying companions [9, 55, 61, 75]. A. Reichel, G.Fuchs,andN.Uriely[58]foundthatthose whoprioritizedthepoliticalinstabilityasthe mainthreatattimeofvacationing,travelers incompanyofothersaremorelikelytosuffer physicalwoundsthansingletravelers. Forotherscholars,nationalitywasthesignificantvariablethatexplainsthevariationof riskperception.H.SackettandD.Botterill[62] collectedevidencethatBritishandAmericans perceive more risk than other nationalities. ThishappensbecauseoftheAnglo-American allianceintheIraqandAfghanistaninvasions. ThesefindingswerepreviouslyinferredbyP. Dominguez,E.BurgetteandA.Bernard[13]. To these researchers, nationality plays a vital role in risk perception depending on the geopoliticalpoliciesoftheirrespectivecountries.C.ErtunaandZ.I.Ertuna[17]validate theideathatthereisaconnectionbetween riskperceptionandnationalorreligiousaffiliation.Themassmediadisseminatenewsabout terrorism and political instability worldwide. Thosenationalitiesdirectlyinvolvedininternationaldisputeswoulddevelopmoresensibilitytoriskthanothers.Forexample,while Britishholiday-makersperceivedlessriskfrom naturaldisastersafterthetsunamiinSriLanka, othernationals,suchasGermansandItalians, confessedtoexperiencemoreconcerns.The psychologicalimpactsdeepenedonthenumberofvictimsportrayedbythemedia. Theplaceofresidencyseemstobeanothervariablethatexplainswhyriskevolves overtime.M.Floyd,etal.[19]explainthat inhabitantsofNewYorkCityshowedhigher anxietiesafter9/11.Thistraumapersistedfor approximatelyoneyear,andwasmorepersistentinthosenearertogroundzero.Afterthe
Корстанье Максимилиано Эмануэль, Сколл Джеффри Р. attacks,Americansclosedtheircollectiveperception,andtendedtothinkthatgoingbeyondthecountrywasadangerousandrisky venture.J.Y.WongandC.Yeh[73]focusedon thedecisionattimeofselectingtheholiday destination. The level of reliable knowledge andnotresidencywouldbethevariablethat determineswhetheradestinationisavoided. Thoughrisktendstoberootedinaterritory, thesenseofdangerisbroadlyassociatedwith morecomplextrends.The9/11attacksrepresentedtheonsetofanewwayofimagining urbanlifeingreatcities.Whatscarespeople isnotproximitytogroundzero,butlivingin urban spaces. Terrorism is presented by establishment media as not occuring in rural areas [74, 75]. Psychologically, we tend to comparethecontextofrisktobereplicated inrelatedenvironments. A final viewpoint considered here, emphasizespsychologicalcharacterorpersonalityasthemainfactorforanalysis.Originally, the pioneer in these types of investigation wasStanleyPlogwhoarguedthatthereisa relationbetweenpersonalityandperception oftheenvironment.Thoughhewasstronglycriticizedinhowheformedthemodel,it pavedthewaysfortheupsurgeofmuchappliedinvestigation.A.LeppandH.Gibson[43] wrotethattouristtravelissubjecttotwocontrastingsentiments:thequestfornoveltyand theneedforsafety.Tosomeextent,theculturalincompatibilitybetweentouristoriginating and receiving countries may reduce the travelers’ feelings of safety. Their degree of adaptationtonewlandscapesispartiallydeterminedbytheirpersonalities.Whilesome touristsaresensationseekers,othersarerisk aversive.M.Kozak,J.CrottsandR.Lawfound thefollowing[40]: a) Riskattractssometravelerswhochange theiroriginaldestinationtoseekit. b)Those personalities based on higher degreeoftolerancetochangedonot needtoaltertheirplansincontextof adversity. c) Newsofdisastersorcatastrophenot only affect the place of occurrence, butalsoneighboringcountries. d)Risks are not restricted to specific locales,butextendtoomuchwider regions. e)While travellers coming from industrial societies are concerned about terrorism,travelersformunderdevelopednationsfearvirusoutbreaks. f) Personality variations explain why some travellers perceive more risk thanothers. Y. Reisinger and F. Mavondo [59] and D. Yun and T. Mclaurin [76] present a scale basedon22categoriestomeasurethesafety oftouristdestinations.Thespecializedliteraturefailstoexplainthecorrelationofpersonality and risk perception, because the evidenceisnotconclusive.Aremainingquestion concernstheroleofcultureasatemplatefor determiningwhichaspectsoflifearesalient intermsoftravelsafety. Although research in tourism and risk has advanced in recent years, many of the stereotypes and limitations among tourism scholarswerefirstlaiddownbythepioneer researchconductedbyW.RoehlandD.Fesenmeier[61].Drawingasampleof258participants,theyfoundthatperceptionofrisk variedwiththepurposefortravel.Basedon ananswer-rateof64percent,thisstudyconcludedthatdemographicvariablesoftravelerssuchasage,gender,andfamilystructure correlateddirectlywithriskperception.Social bondsplayedanimportantroleinexplaining whysometravelersoptforsomedestinations while they exclude others. Although FesenmaierandRoehl’sworkilluminatedwholeof the subsequent research in risk fields, their focuswasbasedonabusinessplantoprotect tourist destinations, instead of expanding the current understanding of the issue. Thefirstproblemliesinthewaytheydefined risk. Mathematicians evaluate the evolution ofrisksusingcomplexsoftwarewhichstudies thedecisionmakingprocessofparticipants. However, risk-related research in tourism is based on open or closed-ended questionnaires written to refute or validate hypotheses.Later,thesequestionsarecorrelatedby followingcomplexalgorithmstomakestable queuesorsegments,whichcanbeexamined to discover tourist perceptions. The goal of these researchers is to give some preview onthetendenciesofthetourismmarketand itssegments.Theparticipants’viewsandattitudesaresubjecttosubstantialreductions.
Современные проблемы сервиса и туризма № 1/2016 Том 10 Quantitativeresearchemphasizesdatafrom standardizedquestionnairesandclosed-ended questions. This means that what Roehl & Fesenmaier obtain is the declaration of participants, who sometimes are not familiarwiththereasonsfortheirownbehavior. Participants may simply lie to impress the researcher.W.RoehlandD.Fesenmaierinitiated a new way of investigation, but also introducedtechniquesofengineeringinthe productionofknowledge.Theirassumptions, models,andmethodswerereplicatedbyfollowerswho,eagerforlegitimacyandgreater status,appearedtomake«science».Insodoing, theyused the experimental model, but fundamentally,theirgoalswerenotscientific. Riskstudieswantedtopromotesales,delving intothepsychologyofthosewhohavecapital tospend–thetourists.Besides,itiscontradictorytoapplyprobabilisticmodelstoanalyzenon-probabilisticmethods,suchasopenendedquestionnaires. Tourism researchers interested in risk triedtodrawlargersamplesoftouristswhile excluding other agents who participate activelyinthetouristsystemsuchasprofessionalsorstaff.Theresearchersconcentratedon understandingeconomicdemandbytravelers andvisitors.Questionnaireswereorientedto theconsumer.SomeotherresearcherstargetedhoteloperatorsusingtheDelphiorfocus groupmethods.Theovervalorizationoftouristsastheaxisofindustrynotonlywasreplicatedinriskrelatedissues,butalsopavedthe waytoanethnocentricdiscourse. 4.1 Conceptual Problems of Risk studies. Therearenoscientificreasonsforarguingthat riskisstrictlylinkedtoprobability,norforseeingriskwithastrictlyquantitativeparadigm. Tourismriskstudiesmainlyhaveaimedatexploringtheconnectionbetweenriskperception and tourism consumption. Their goals are given by the needs of indentifying, controlling,andmitigatingsomedysfunctionalor inefficientfactorswhichjeopardizethetouristindustry.Awiderangeofpotentialthreats rangesfromnaturaldisasterstoterrorism[50, 55,75].Whatisnoteworthyisthattravelsand touristdestinationsarenotthesame.Sometimes,riskinvestigationtreatstouristdestinationsastheall-encompassingunitofanalysis. Theseviewsleadustotrivializetravelasapsy chologicalprocesswhichbeginsandendsirrespectiveofthedatewepurchasetheticket. For example, researchers following terrorismissuesdonotfocusonthebiographies ofterrorists,butontheperceptionsoftravelers.Thedemand,nottheoffering,isimportant forthesescholars.Theirformulatedgoalslead to basic contradictions. First and foremost, they fail to recognize that perception is the resultofsocialcontext.Wecannotobtainanswers to questions without connecting what peoplesayanddo.Somemisunderstandingis basedonthediscrepancybystatementsand psychological arousal. We may accept some riskswithoutbeingconcernedaboutthem.For example,mostpeopledonothesitatetoleave theirhomesforfearofbeingstruckbylightening,althoughthatriskisfargreaterthanthe riskfromterroristattacks.Secondly,lessattentionwasgiventotheroleplayedbyideology whichconfersspecificreasonsforfear.Forexample,K.Wolff,S.LarsenandR.Doran[71,72] havebeendocumentedacontradictioninthe waypeopleconstructrisk.Despitetwoattacks against civilians in Norway, interviewees feel thiscountryissaferthanothers.Theattraction ofNewYorkasasymboliccentreofcivilization madeotherattacksfallintooblivion. Other methodological problems with these empirical studies are related to the criterionofsampling.Somesamplesarenot balancedinproportiontothenumberofparticipants[61,62],orthecriterionofjustificationisweak[13,56,57,73].Inotherstudies, questionnaires are ethnocentric ignoring a division between industrial and rural minds orworldviews[41]orreplicatingvaluesassociatedwithnationalismorchauvinism[76], whileotherstudiesaredeterminedbyconditioned answers because questionnaires are writteninEnglishorconductedinthepre-embarkationsectionsoftransportationfacilities [73].If Iinterviewtouristswhoareaboutto travel,theirsentimentswillbedifferentwere Idothesameathome.Sincethecontextconditionsresponses,theyshouldbecompared in diverse environments. Another clear errorinthesestudiesisthewaythequestion isformulated.Sentencessuchas,«Ifeelfear totravelabroad»,donotrevealanyrisk,but revealtheprejudiceofresearcherswhoconsidertheworldanunsafeplace.
Onanotherhand,suchstudiesmakeno clear distinction between risk seekers and risk avoiders. Many of these studies merely assumeriskisdysfunctionalforinternational tourism demand. W. Aschauer [2] criticized theriskparadigmforbeingorientedtobusinesses,marketing, and profits, as theyconfuse safety with risk. Indeed, some tourists elect extreme sports and seek elevated the risks to gain status and prestige. Their psychologicalstructuregivesmeaningtotherisk while their perception plays a neutral role. Bothcategoriesworkindiversespheresofhumanminds.Negativeevaluationofsomedestinationsisnotexplainedbytheriskitself,but byhowitiscommunicated[2].Safety,andnot risk,shouldbeprioritizedasafertileground ofinvestigationintourismfields. Methodologically, if we conduct investigation prioritizing quantitative techniques, theoutcomewillnotexplainthebehaviour. We will see only correlations between two or more variables. To understand what is happening in the field, we need to introduce qualitative methods to complement thequantitativeone[33,64,77].Quiteaside fromthesizeofthesample,thecorrelationof bothvariablesdoesnotentailexplanationsof whythatcorrelationoccurs.Thatis,thereis nocausalconnection,noaccountingforthe mechanisms producing the correlations. For example,considerableevidencesuggeststhat womenperceivemoreriskthanmen.Followingaquantitativereading,onemightinferthe genderisavariableofriskperceptionbutthis exhibitsanecologicalfallacy.Malesaresocializedandeducatedtorepresstheiremotions. Thoughtheyfeelfear,theyavoidvoicingor otherwiseexhibitingfearfulemotions.Onthe contrary,femalesaresocializedtocommunicatefearandotheremotions[6].P.Manning [48] recognizes the importance of understandingthatsocialpracticeisembeddedin astructurewherebydiscourseisarticulated. Understanding how the narratives of safety are orchestrated, overvalorized or silenced, researchers can get a more profound idea oftheobjectofstudy.Thisisthereasonwhy questionnairesandinterviewsalonearenot usefulinunderstandingsocialissues. C.WatertonandB.Wynne[68]conductedaninvestigationintownssuchasSellafield (UK),whicharenexttonuclearplants.Under some conditions, inhabitants at risk of dangerous exposure intellectualize their situation, repressing their fear and displacing it ornegatingitwithsentimentssuchaspride andstoicismtorationalizetheirpersistencein adangerousplace.Thisrevealsthatriskmay conferstrongattachmentsofidentitywhere realdangersbecomeacriterionofstatusand socialdistinction.Unlessthequalitativeview isintroducedinriskperceptionresearch,biaseddiagnosesmayleadscholarstoinaccurateorpartialexplanations. Lastbutnotleast,oneofthemainproblems of this perspective on risk and tourism relates to the ethnocentric discourse it disseminates. Whenever risk perception is circumscribed within a specific geographicalpoint,asisthecasewithmanyofthese studies,outcomestendtodemonizecivilians livingthere.IfweconsidertheMiddleEasta dangerousplace,psychologicallywewillavoid anydirectcontactwithMuslims.Thiscreates geographies of two types: secure and insecure.Atafirstglance,theformerattractmore investmentandtourismthanthelatter.Nonetheless, both are inextricably intertwined. Thosedestinationspreviouslyconsideredunsafenotonlydirecttouristflowstowardsparticularpoints,butvalorizetheproduct[42]. Fromanideologicaldiscourse,thetheoryof riskperceptionseemstobeassociatedwith geopoliticalinterests,reinforcingthedependency between centre and periphery. Recently,M.KorstanjeandD.H.Olsen[37]and M.KorstanjeandP.Tarlow[38]exploredthe qualitativearchetypeofriskanddangerinthe American cinema industry. Scholars agreed thatnotonlydid9/11createanewparadigm to understand horror movies, but also supportedanideologicaldiscoursewhereAmericantouristsfeelsuperiortoothernationalities.Theeventsof9/11createdahierarchy of tourists where their value is determined bytheirnationalities.Effectsof9/11blurred the memories of other events. It became a mythicaldatesothattheforcesoforder–the UnitedStates,Britain,andtheirallies,which not coincidentally were the colonial powers–launchedtheircrusadeagainstevil.Terrorism,inthisview,becamerepresentedas themainthreatfortheWestinthiscentury. Корстанье Максимилиано Эмануэль, Сколл Джеффри Р.