Economics for Medical Students = Экономика для медиков
Покупка
Тематика:
Экономика социальной сферы
Издательство:
Лаборатория знаний
Авторы:
Борщева Наталья Леонидовна, Кирикуца Елена Геннадьевна, Павлова Алина Сергеевна, Погребинская Екатерина Александровна, Федорова Юлия Вячеславовна, Федоров Егор Андреевич, Черезова Яна Алексеевна
Год издания: 2022
Кол-во страниц: 256
Дополнительно
Вид издания:
Учебник
Уровень образования:
ВО - Специалитет
ISBN: 978-5-00101-985-5
Артикул: 801775.01.99
This textbook is devoted to the fundamental issues of economics and the basics of the development of economic thinking of students and fully meets the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standards of Higher Education for the group of specialties «Healthcare». In the textbook, economic concepts, categories, patterns of economic development, logic and efficiency of economic processes, principles of making optimal economic decisions, microeconomic and macroeconomic foundations of the functioning and interaction of economic entities are considered in a complex. To activate the independent work of students, their creative attitude to the subject, control questions are given after each topic. A glossary is provided at the end of the textbook. The textbook can be used as a source of theoretical material, and as a practical guide for independent work. The textbook is intended for students studying in medical specialties in English.
Данный учебник посвящен фундаментальным вопросам экономики и основам развития экономического мышления студентов и полностью соответствует требованиям Федеральных государственных образовательных стандартов высшего образования (2020) по группе специальностей «Здравоохранение». В учебнике в комплексе рассмотрены экономические понятия, категории, закономерности экономического развития, логика и эффективность экономических процессов, принципы принятия оптимальных экономических решений, микроэкономические и макроэкономические основы функционирования и взаимодействия субъектов экономики.
Для активизации самостоятельной работы студентов, их творческого отношения к предмету после каждой темы даны контрольные вопросы. В конце учебника представлен глоссарий. Учебник можно использовать как источник теоретического материала и как практическое пособие для самостоятельной работы. Учебник предназначен для студентов, обучающихся по медицинским специальностям на английском языке.
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Economics for Medical Students
ЭКОНОМИКА ДЛЯ МЕДИКОВ ECONOMICS FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS Textbook Москва Лаборатория знаний 2022 Учебник Под общей редакцией доктора экономических наук, профессора Ю. В. Федоровой Under the general editorship of Economic Sciences, prof. Y. V. Fedorova Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет) Рекомендовано Электронное издание Координационным советом по области образования «Здравоохранение и медицинские науки» в качестве учебника для использования в образовательных учреждениях, реализующих основные профессиональные образовательные программы высшего образования уровня специалитета по направлениям подготовки 31.05.01 Лечебное дело, 31.05.03 Стоматология
УДК 33:111(075.8) ББК 65.495я73 Э40 Р е ц е н з е н т ы: зав. кафедрой экономики и управления здравоохранением и фармацией ГБОУ ВПО «Саратовский государственный медицинский университет им. В. И. Разумов- ского», д-р мед. наук, проф. И. Г. Новокрещенова; проф. кафедры управления и экономики здравоохранения ИПО Красноярского государственного медицинского университета им. проф. В. Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого Минздрава России, д-р экон. наук А. С. Ямщиков А в т о р ы: Борщева Наталья Леонидовна, канд. экон. наук, доцент кафедры экономики и менеджмента (гл. 5); Кирикуца Елена Геннадьевна, канд. экон. наук, доцент кафедры экономики и менеджмента (гл. 3, 4); Павлова Алина Сергеевна, ассистент кафедры экономики и менеджмента (гл. 7, 8); Погребинская Екатерина Александровна, д-р экон. наук, проф. кафедры экономики и менеджмента (гл. 6, 11); Федорова Юлия Вячеславовна, д-р экон. наук, проф., зав. кафедрой экономики и менеджмента Первого МГМУ им. И. М. Сеченова (гл. 1, общая редакция); Федоров Егор Андреевич, канд. экон. наук, доцент кафедры экономики и менеджмента (гл. 2, глоссарий); Черезова Яна Алексеевна, канд. экон. наук, доцент кафедры экономики и менеджмента (гл. 9, 10) Э40 Economics for Medical Students : textbook = Экономика для медиков : учебник / под общ. ред. д-ра экон. наук, проф. Ю. В. Фе- доровой. — Электрон. изд. — М. : Лаборатория знаний, 2022. — 256 с. — Систем. требования: Adobe Reader XI ; экран 10". — Загл. с титул. экрана. — Текст : электронный. ISBN 978-5-00101-985-5 This textbook is devoted to the fundamental issues of economics and the basics of the development of economic thinking of students and fully meets the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standards of Higher Education for the group of specialties «Healthcare». In the textbook, economic concepts, categories, patterns of economic development, logic and efficiency of economic processes, principles of making optimal economic decisions, microeconomic and macroeconomic foundations of the functioning and interaction of economic entities are considered in a complex. To activate the independent work of students, their creative attitude to the subject, control questions are given after each topic. A glossary is provided at the end of the textbook. The textbook can be used as a source of theoretical material, and as a practical guide for independent work. The textbook is intended for students studying in medical specialties in English. Данный учебник посвящен фундаментальным вопросам экономики и основам развития экономического мышления студентов и полностью соответствует требованиям Федеральных государственных образова- тельных стандартов высшего образования (2020) по группе специ- альностей «Здравоохранение». В учебнике в комплексе рассмотрены экономические понятия, категории, закономерности экономического развития, логика и эффективность экономических процессов, принципы принятия оптимальных экономических решений, микроэкономические и макроэкономические основы функционирования и взаимодействия субъектов экономики. Для активизации самостоятельной работы студентов, их творческого отношения к предмету после каждой темы даны контрольные вопросы. В конце учебника представлен глоссарий. Учебник можно использовать как источник теоретического материала и как практическое пособие для самостоятельной работы. Учебник предназначен для студентов, обучающихся по медицинским специальностям на английском языке. УДК 33:111(075.8) ББК 65.495я73 Деривативное издание на основе печатного аналога: Economics for Medical Students : textbook = Экономика для медиков : учебник / под общ. ред. д-ра экон. наук, проф. Ю. В. Федоровой. — М. : Лаборатория знаний, 2022. — 253 с. : ил. — ISBN 978-5-00101-389-1. В соответствии со ст. 1299 и 1301 ГК РФ при устранении ограничений, установленных техническими средствами защиты авторских прав, правообладатель вправе требовать от нарушителя возмещения убытков или выплаты компенсации ISBN 978-5-00101-985-5 © ФГАОУ ВО Первый МГМУ им. И. М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), 2021 © Лаборатория знаний, 2022
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 9 UNIT 1 SUBJECT AND METHODOLOGY OF ECONOMICS 13 The Subject, Functions, and Methods of Economic Science 13 Why Is It Important to Study Economics? 16 The Method of Economics 19 Cautions and Pitfalls to Straight Thinking 22 Basic Economic Terms: Wants and Resources 24 The Three Basic Economic Questions 27 Types of Economic Systems and Their Answers to the Fundamental Questions 28 UNIT 2 MARKET ANALYSIS: DEMAND, SUPPLY, PRICES 33 Market 33 Law of Demand. Determinants of Demand 34 Law of Supply. Determinants of Supply 37 Market Equilibrium and the Price Mechanism 40 The Elasticity of Demand and Elasticity of Supply 42 UNIT 3 CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR THEORY 51 Diminishing Marginal Demand Law 52 Consumer Equilibrium 55 Consumer Surplus 56
Contents 6 Consumer Behaviour Theory 58 Consumer Budget Constraint 59 Indifference Curves 62 Analyzing Consumer Equilibrium Using The Budget Line and Indifference Curves 64 UNIT 4 ENTERPRISE 67 Enterprise’s Role in a Market Economy 67 Types of Enterprises 70 UNIT 5 THE FOUNDATIONS OF PRODUCER DECISION MAKING 73 Production in the Short Run and the Long Run 73 Explicit Costs and Implicit Costs 75 Revenue and Profit 84 UNIT 6 COMPETITION THEORY 87 The Essence of Competition 87 Types, Sorts, and Methods of Competition 89 Models of Market Structures 91 UNIT 7 FACTORS MARKETS 107 Features of Supply and Demand in the Market of Factors of Production 107 Capital and Capital Asset Markets 110 Capital Interest and Its Role in Economic Development 113 The Labour Market and Its Features 115 Wage 119 Land Market and Rental Relations 124
Contents UNIT 8 PATTERNS OF FUNCTIONING OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY 129 Macroeconomics 129 National Economy 131 System of National Accounts 133 Main Macroeconomic Indicators, Methods of Their Calculation 138 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply 143 Economic Growth 148 UNIT 9 MAJOR MACROECONOMIC PROBLEMS 153 The Business Cycle 153 Inflation 163 Unemployment 171 How Inflation and Unemployment Are Related 175 UNIT 10 MARKET ECONOMY REGULATION 181 The Changing Role of the State in the Economy 181 Fiscal Policy 188 Monetary Policy 192 Antitrust Policy 195 Social Policy 196 UNIT 11 INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 201 Modern World Economy: Concept, Structure, Subjects, Development Trends 201 International Trade in the Global Economy 204 The Global Market for Capital and Labour 210 The International Monetary and Financial System 218 GLOSSARY 223 REFERENCES 252
INTRODUCTION Today, the need for economic knowledge is great at all lev- els — from the state to various market institutions, from leg- islative to executive governing bodies, from academic econo- mists to medical students. The federal project “Export of Education” is aimed at in- creasing by 2024 the number of foreigners studying in organi- zations carrying out education for higher education programs to 425 thousand people through infrastructure development, implementation of state support for the development of the export of Russian education, increasing the demand and com- petitiveness of Russian education. Russian medical teaching is traditionally in demand among international students. The main task of the textbook is to form a modern type of economic thinking and behaviour among multicultural stu- dents studying in Russia in medical specialties based on the knowledge about the structure and functions of a market economy, the logic, and efficiency of economic processes, the principles of making optimal economic decisions, the legal and ethical foundations of the functioning and interaction of economic subjects. The creation of this textbook is caused by the need to ac- quaint students not only with fundamental economic con- cepts but also with modern theories of real directions that have been formed at present in economics. This approach is necessary to improve the structure of teaching economic dis- ciplines in medical schools.
Introduction 10 The implementation of this approach has led to some fea- tures that distinguish this textbook from a large number of educational economic literature. Firstly, a feature of this textbook is the specificity of teach- ing economics for students of medical universities, presenting the material in a simple and accessible form, with specific sit- uations illustrating the significance of the theoretical provi- sions of economic theory, which makes it possible to use them for analysis concerning health care. This approach is designed to guide students to independently understand the problems of the economy in general and the economics of health care in particular. Secondly, the textbook was written in the context of the modernization of the healthcare and education sectors. The principal place in modernization is occupied by the is- sues of improving the quality of medical education. Today, there is a growing tendency to involve doctors of all special- ties and nurses in the management of health care resources, who must have extensive knowledge in the field of econom- ics. An essential role in the training of modern-level special- ists belongs to the textbook, which allows students, future specialists, to systematize knowledge and independently un- derstand economic problems and propose solutions. The au- thors of the book set themselves the task of improving the quality of teaching economic disciplines for students of medi- cal universities. Thirdly, in the textbook, the general theoretical aspects of economic problems are complemented by their function- al analysis using graphs. This provides a scientific under- standing of economic phenomena and laws, allows students to comprehend economic practice critically, identify the prin- ciples of rational management, scientifically substantiate the economic and social policy of the state. Fourthly, this textbook can be called targeted since it is in- tended for students of medical universities, where econom- ic training has a certain specificity, includes fewer hours of study and a greater focus on practical problems. To activate the independent work of students, their creative attitude to
Introduction the subject, control questions are given after each topic. The textbook can be used as a source of theoretical material and a practical guide for independent work. The tutorial is organized in a logical sequence. All topics can be conditionally divided into several parts. The first part of the textbook includes tasks about the subject and method of economic science, the formation, and development of eco- nomic theory, the main directions of modern world econom- ic thought. The second part includes tasks that reveal the general foundations of a market economy, the mechanism of market functioning. The third part is related to the characteristics of economic processes at the micro-level. The fourth part is de- voted to macroeconomic problems, the national economy as a whole, the content of the state’s economic and social policy. The material presented in the textbook complies with fed- eral state educational standards for higher education. The textbook was prepared by the Department of Economics and Management of the First Moscow State University I. M. Sechenov (Sechenov University).
UNIT 1 SUBJECT AND METHODOLOGY OF ECONOMICS The subject, functions, and methods of economic science. Basic economic terms: wants and resources. The main issues of the economy. The economic system of society: subjects and objects. The Subject, Functions, and Methods of Economic Science Economic activity is immanent to human society. People to live are to produce goods using resources. Before goods are consumed they are to be distributed and, in many cases, ex- changed. Producing, distributing, exchanging, and consum- ing, people behave according to their self-interests and are engaged in economic relations. Every science has its field of study or its subject mat- ter. The subject tells us what we study. The vision of the sub- ject of economic theory has been continuously changing through time. In its early days, economic theory had been developed as the political economy of wealth. Scientists concentrated on the search for the sources of national wealth. Mercantilists focused on trade as the primary source of wealth. The clas- sical political economy turned towards production. Yet