Чтение и письмо на английском языке для академических целей = English writing and reading for academic purposes

Екатеринбург
Издательство Уральского университета
2019

МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ 
РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

УРАЛЬСКИЙ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ 
ИМЕНИ ПЕРВОГО ПРЕЗИДЕНТА РОССИИ Б. Н. ЕЛЬЦИНА

М. О. Гузикова, Н. А. Завьялова

ЧТЕНИЕ И ПИСЬМО 
НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ 
ДЛЯ АКАДЕМИЧЕСКИХ ЦЕЛЕЙ

ENGLISH WRITING AND READING
FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

Учебно-методическое пособие

Рекомендовано
методическим советом Уральского федерального университета
в качестве учебно-методического пособия для студентов вуза,
обучающихся по направлению подготовки
45.03.02, 45.04.02 «Лингвистика»

© Уральский федеральный университет, 2019
ISBN 978-5-7996-2538-2

Р е ц е н з е н т ы:
кафедра иностранных языков
Уральского государственного экономического университета
(заведующий кафедрой кандидат филологических наук, 
доцент О. Л. Соколова);
Н. Ю. Анашкина, кандидат филологических наук, доцент, 
доцент кафедры иностранных языков 
и межкультурной коммуникации 
Уральского государственного университета путей сообщения

143.21-913
 
937

Гузикова, М. О.
Чтение и письмо на английском языке для академических 
целей = English writing and reading for academic purposes : учеб.-
метод. пособие / М. О. Гузикова, Н. А. Завьялова ; М-во науки 
и высш. образования Рос. Федерации, Урал. федер. ун-т. — Ека-
теринбург : Изд-во Урал. ун-та, 2019. — 108 с. — Загл. парал. рус., 
англ. — Текст англ.

ISBN 978-5-7996-2538-2

Учебно-методическое пособие представляет собой рекомендации, демон-
стрирующие основные этапы работы над научной статьей на английском языке. 
В пособие включены базовые клише и выражения, которые призваны   стать 
необходимой опорой для российских авторов в процессе создания научных 
текстов на английском языке. Авторы пособия полагают, что знакомство с пред-
ставленными наборами фраз и образцами научных текстов будет способствовать 
генерации научных текстов на английском языке в среде российских авторов. 
Пособие содержит ряд практикоориентированных заданий, которые могут быть 
расширены и дополнены по желанию преподавателей.
Пособие предназначено для студентов, изучающих дисциплины «Практический 
курс первого иностранного языка», «Академическое письмо» и «Академический 
английский язык», для магистрантов, аспирантов и преподавателей, 
которые стремятся повысить свою публикационную активность на английском 
языке.

c937

143.21-913

Table of contents

Introduction ........................................................................................ 4 
Section 1. Composing an Abstract.................................................. 7
Section 2. Composing an Introduction .......................................12
Section 3. Composing Literature Review ...................................34
Section 4. Describing Methods and Materials ..........................47
Section 5. Outlining Discussion and Results .............................73
Section 6. Composing Conclusions ..............................................80
Practice Section ...............................................................................83
References ........................................................................................106

Introduction

Данное пособие представляет собой набор теоретических 
и практических рекомендаций для авторов научных статей на 
английском языке (бакалавров, магистрантов, аспирантов и профессорско-
преподавательского состава). Спецификой материалов, 
вошедших в данное пособие, является тот факт, что они ориентированы 
на непосредственный продуктивный вид деятельности, 
выраженный в создании научных публикаций.
Пособие представляет собой попытку синтеза трех подходов: 
стилистического, аналитического и творческого. Оно предназначено 
для использования на занятиях как очного, так и дистанционного 
режимов обучения. Основная цель пособия — внести элемент 
разнообразия на занятиях по академическому письму и чтению, 
показать многогранность и неоднозначность изучаемых явлений. 
Актуальность данного пособия заключается в новых вызовах 
научной коммуникации, обусловленных интеграцией российских 
ученых в глобальное образовательное пространство. Интеграция 
подразумевает поиск ниши, в рамках которой российские ученые 
смогут предъявить собственные идеи. Презентация ключевых 
идей в глобальном образовательном пространстве осуществляется 
на языке мировой науки — английском языке. Предлагаемое пособие 
призвано смягчить вызовы, связанные с переходом научной 
коммуникаци на английский язык.
Объектом пособия являются научные выражения и клише, характерные 
для коммуникации на английском языке. Предмет можно 
сформулировать как интегративная роль представленных клише 
в общей канве научного повествования. По мнению авторов, клише 
и обороты, вошедшие в пособие, могут выступать катализатором 
развития научного повествования, представлять собой необходи-
мую опору для развития научного дискурса на английском языке.
Можно с уверенностью говорить о том, что на современном 
рынке учебной литературы наблюдается существенная нехватка 
материала, призванного смягчить вызовы научного англоязычного 

дискурса для российских ученых. В пособие включены как реко-
мендации по заявленной проблематике зарубежных авторов, так 
и примеры научных статей, составленных авторами данного по-
собия и принятых к печати зарубежными научными изданиями.
Работа с пособием рассчитана на два семестра по два академиче-
ских часа в неделю. План прохождения материалов пособия вклю-
чает знакомство с фразами и текстами, ответы на предтекстовые 
и послетекстовые вопросы. Особое внимание уделено проектной 
деятельности, результатом которой должны стать собственные на-
учные тексты на английском языке. По желанию студентов и пре-
подавателей рамки проектной деятельности могут быть расширены.
Авторами пособия являются заведующая кафедрой лингвисти-
ки и профессиональной коммуникации на иностранных языках 
М. О. Гузикова и доцент кафедры лингвистики и профессиональ-
ной коммуникации на иностранных языках Н. А. Завьялова. Оба 
автора известны своими многочисленными публикациями в сфере 
коммуникации, лингвистики и лингводидактики.
Пособие адресовано культурологам, лингвистам, философам, 
социологам, искусствоведам, историкам, педагогам, студентам, 
магистрантам и аспирантам гуманитарных направлений, а также 
широкому кругу читателей, интересующихся проблематикой со-
временного социально-гуманитарного знания на английском языке.

The study guide is a set of theoretical and practical recommenda-
tions for the authors of academic publications in English (bachelors, 
undergraduates, graduate students and faculty). The focus of the study 
guide is a productive activity, directed at the development of academic 
publications.
The study guide is an attempt to synthesize three approaches: sty-
listic, analytical, and creative. It is intended for use in both full-time 
and distance learning modes. The main purpose of the study guide is 
to introduce the element of diversity to the classes of academic writing 
and reading, to show the multifacetedness and ambiguity of the phe-
nomena studied. The relevance of this study guide lies in the new 
challenges of scientific communication, stimulated by the integration 
of Russian scholars into the global educational community. The integra-
tion involves identification of a niche within which Russian scholars 

can present their own ideas. The presentation of key ideas to the global 
educational community is based on the language of world science, i.e. 
English. The proposed study guide serves to simplify the challenges 
associated with the transition of scientific communication to English 
speaking tradition.
The object of the study guide is scientific expressions and cliches, 
characteristic of academic communication in English. The pivotal mo-
ment of the guide is the integrative role of the cliches presented in the ge-
neral outline of the scientific narrative. According to the idea of the au-
thors, the cliches and the expressions included in the publication can act 
as a catalyst for the development of scientific narrative, to be a necessary 
support for the development of scientific discourse in English.
One can say with certainty that in the modern market of educa-
tional literature there is a significant shortage of publications designed 
to simplify the challenges of scientific English-language discourses 
for Russian scholars. The manual includes both recommendations 
on the stated problems for authors, as well as the examples of articles 
compiled by the authors of this manual and taken to print by foreign 
scientific journals.
The processing of the whole study guide may be covered during 
two semesters for 2 academic hours per week. The plan for the materials 
of the manual includes the acquisition of necessary phrases and texts, 
answers to pretextual and post-textual questions. Of much importance 
are stimulating project activities which result in the design of academic 
texts in English. At the request of students and teachers, the scope 
of the project activities can be expanded.
The authors of the manual are the head of the Chair of Linguistics 
and Professional Communication in Foreign Languages, M. O. Guzikova 
and the Assistant Professor of the Chair of Linguistics and Professional 
Communication in Foreign Languages N. A. Zavyalova. Both authors 
are known for their numerous publications in the field of communica-
tion, linguistics and linguodidactics.
The study guide is addressed to culture experts, linguists, philoso-
phers, sociologists, art historians, teachers, students, undergraduates 
and graduate students of liberal arts and humanities, as well as a wide 
range of readers interested in the issues of modern social and commu-
nicative issues of the English language.

Section 1. Composing an Abstract 

When we proceed to abstract composition, it is critical to present 
the main results of the research. Most conference proceedings and 
science journal require a careful abstract. Therefore, abstracts present 
the leading section of the research paper. 
When readers chose your paper, the only guideline for them is 
to read your abstract carefully and make a final decision of whether 
to spend their time on reading your paper. The reviewers of your paper 
also consider the abstract section with much attention in order to de-
scribe their first impressions on your text. The abstract section mainly 
targets the description of the subject-matter of your paper, methods and 
methodologies and main results of the research. Search engines register 
abstracts and make it possible for researchers to reach your paper, in case 
you have provided all the necessary key-words, tags and supplementary 
notes. The paper abstract must also contain significant figures, given by 
means of illustration of the main outcomes of the research [1]. 
Consider the following necessary parts of the abstract:

 
Problem
 
Prospects
 
Limits
 
Outcomes
 
Conclusion

The following vocabulary is interesting and useful

An initial exposition to the subject-matter __
The pattern of __ has a long representation.
For many years, one of the most popular concepts in __ literature 
is the concept that __
Recent theories have revealed that __
A widely spread pattern used to research the subject-matter __ is 
to __

This research presents a relatively fresh direction which has arisen 
from __
These directions have been meaningful in the area because of __
In the past several years, __ has been a meaningful aspect in __
There are calls for __
The field is the research area that describes __
The larger part of studies __ are nevertheless directed at __
There are two main schemes for __
The subject area has successively expanded as __
The aspect of the research is known as __
The approach has been widely accepted in the area of __
The report describes the area of __ as the focal point of its research.
One of the primary outcomes to be stressed in this field is __
The method is a well-developed area which is applicable to com-
mercial projects.
The field is being developed, with a rich variety of well-designed 
tools and procedures __
The classification nearly pursues the system of __
This approach has reached a universal recognition in several many 
scientific circles __
The area started operating in the 90s and it became more applicable 
to __
The project is not exclusively fresh and innovative but __
The subject-matter closely pursues the system of __
Universally accepted to be a perfect method to __
The tool has been at large espoused in the area of __
The technology is utilized when __
The fact has been universally described as __
A widely-spread tool is to __
The method is a tool utilized in __
There are many popular methods of __

Rewrite the following abstracts to make them more stylistically 
attractive
Abstract 1
The article describes a step-by-step strategy for designing a universal com-
prehensive vision of a vast majority of financial research topics. The strategy is 

focused around the analysis of the retrieval results of the word processing system 
Serelex which is based on the semantic similarity measure. While designing 
a research topic, scientists usually employ their individual background. They 
rely in most cases on their individual assumptions and hypotheses. The stra-
tegy, introduced in the article, highlights the method of identifying compo-
nents of semantic maps which can lead to a better coverage of any scientific 
topic under analysis. On the example of the research field of finance we show 
the practical and theoretical value of semantic similarity measurements, i.e. 
a better coverage of the problems which might be included in the scientific 
analysis of financial field. At the designing stage of any research scientists are 
not immune to an insufficient and, thus, erroneous spectrum of problems un-
der analysis. According to the famous maxima of St. Augustine, ‘Fallor ergo 
sum’, the researchers’ activities are driven along the way from one mistake 
to another. However, this might not be the case for the 21st century science 
approach. Our strategy offers an innovative methodology, according to which 
the number of mistakes at the initial stage of any research may be significantly 
reduced. The second stage of our experiment was driven towards analyzing 
the correlation between the language and income level of the respondents. 
The article contains the information about data processing [3].

Abstract 2
New international agendas for Russia are becoming a key instrument 
in shaping multi-polar global future. There is much evidence that China plays 
a pivotal role in Russian foreign affairs. Socio-cultural acquisition of Chinese 
heritage in Russia comes together with learning the Chinese language. To suc-
cessfully meet new targets Russian teenagers today must acquire fluent Chinese 
competence. The key factor to meet this ambitious goal is motivation which 
must be developed by new teaching principles. The paper focuses on innova-
tive computer-based technologies for teaching Chinese. The main stress is laid 
on the analysis of corpus frequencies and audio annotation of recorded speech. 
One more aspect of the paper is the interaction with students outside the central 
region of Russia. The article features a teaching experiment with school stu-
dents from Yekaterinburg, Ural region. The results of the experiment showed 
that the introduction of hands-on corpus-analysis experience made it possible 
for students to share their feeling of achievement, become more autonomous 
in learning and flexible with daily studying routines. Though the experiment 
was conducted with a small group of 10 learners — which is a common practice 
for Chinese learning groups in cities outside the central region — the author 
believes that the results are suggestive enough for a large-scale practice of in-
troducing modern linguistics’ methods to a school classroom [4].

Abstract 3
The focus of this paper is the concept of the frontier as a three-fold model, 
incorporating aspects of locality, spirit, and language. The paper describes 
modern visions of the frontier myth based on the data obtained from big data 
resources, putting forward the idea that all three dimensions can be considered 
as multi-faceted units in transition. The primary stress of the article lies within 
the domain of the spiritual frontiers of a nation, arguing that geographical fron-
tiers do not necessarily coincide with the spiritual edges of a nation. The Russian 
spiritual frontier of the Urals region is set against the background of the German 
Schwarzwald (Black Forest) and the North American “Wild West” frontiers 
within the time span of the mid-nineteenth to end of the twentieth century. 
The author builds a linguistic taxonomy of the concept of  “frontier” in German, 
Russian and English based upon the methodologies of linguistic philosophy. 
The paper is mainly based on ethnographic descriptions and linguistic data 
analysis. The conclusion of the article is the observation that the German lin-
guistic representations of the concept of “frontier” are predominately based 
on technical and practical applications in such branches of science as thermo-
dynamics and the mathematical field of topology. Meanwhile, the German 
Schwarzwald frontier myth is treated as an imaginary linear border between 
the actual world and the world of spirits. However, Russian, and North Ameri-
can concepts of “frontier” are culturally bound and present an area, rather than 
a linear representation. The article is a point of interest for both theoretical and 
practical applications. Theoretically speaking, the research offers new directions 
of exploring frontiers, based on linguistic data, obtained from online linguistic 
corpora. Practically speaking, the author describes new approaches to frontier 
identification which may be useful in the tourism industry [5].

Abstract 4
The article deals with culture genesis within the framework of present-day 
mass media with the focus on universal cultural communicative formulae (CCF) 
typical of the Russian, Ukrainian and English languages. The author stresses 
the cultural relevance of CCFs, which are analogous to cultural artifacts. Cultural 
significance of CCFs is achieved through the function of knowledge transmission 
from a generation to other generations. The social function of CCFs is realized 
through social norms indispensable for the sustainable development of modern 
society. The article is written in cross-cultural and comparative keys, highlight-
ing philosophical reflections of modern communicative processes. The socio-
cultural dynamics is construed in accordance with the theory of the thesaurus 
approach to the conceptualization of the person and his/her world developed 
by distinguished Russian scholars Valery A. Lukov and Vladimir A. Lukov.