Английский язык

А. П. Миньяр-Белоручева, 

Е. В. Княжинская 

Английский язык 

Учебное пособие 

для студентов бакалавриата, обучающихся 

по направлению подготовки «История», 

изучающих историю международных отношений 

Москва 
Берлин 
2019 

УДК 811.111(075) 
ББК 81.432.1Я73 

М62 

Рекомендовано Ученым советом исторического факультета  
МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова от 13 ноября 2017 года 

Рецензенты: 
В. Н. Шапошников, доктор филологических наук, профессор; 
И. И. Малинина, кандидат филологических наук, доцент; 
И. Ю. Хрулева, кандидат исторических наук, доцент 

Миньяр-Белоручева, А. П., Княжинская, Е.В. 

М62       Английский язык : учебное пособие для студентов бакалаври-
ата, обучающихся по направлению подготовки «История», изу-
чающих историю международных отношений / А. П. Миньяр-
Белоручева, Е. В. Княжинская. – Москва ; Берлин : Директ-Медиа, 
2019. – 156 с. 

ISBN 978-5-4475-9967-6 

Данное учебное пособие по английскому языку направлено на усвоение 
профессионально-ориентированного языка историка международных отно-
шений. На материале оригинальных работ англоязычных исследователей, 
посвященных истории международных отношений, студенты бакалавриата 
получат возможность отрабатывать лексико-грамматический материал и 
развивать языковую и профессиональную компетенции. 
Данное учебное пособие может быть использовано студентами бака-
лавриата, обучающимися по направлениям подготовки «История», «Между-
народные отношения», «Политология», «Глобалистика», а также всеми 
желающими изучать английский язык самостоятельно. 

Minyar-Belorucheva A. P., Knyazhinskaya E. V. 

M62     English : textbook for History students of the Department of History and 
International Studies 
The textbook is aimed at teaching and learning professionally oriented lan-
guage for History students. The original texts of the English-speaking researchers 
can help History students who study the History of International Relations and 
History of Diplomacy to perfect their English by developing language and speech 
competences. The textbook can be used by the students who study international 
relations, diplomacy, history, political science, global studies. 

УДК 811.111(075) 
ББК 81.432.1Я73 

ISBN 978-5-4475-9967-6
© Миньяр-Белоручева А. П., Княжинская Е. В.,текст, 2019
© Издательство «Директ-Медиа», оформление, 2019

Предисловие 

Настоящее учебное пособие по английскому языку пред-
назначено для студентов бакалавриата, обучающихся по 
направлению подготовки «История», изучающих историю 
международных отношений. Пособие выполнено в соответ-
ствии с требованиями Федеральных государственных образовательных 
стандартов высшего образования, разработанных 
для преподавания иностранного языка с учетом профессиональной 
направленности обучения. 
Материалом данного пособия послужили произведения современных 
англоязычных ученых. Предлагаемые в пособии 
тексты посвящены истории международных отношений от античности 
до наших дней. В них рассматриваются актуальные 
для истории международных отношений проблемы, касающиеся 
места дипломатии в современной системе международных 
отношений, достижения «старой» дипломатии. Международные 
отношения между Востоком и Западом, неоднозначно развивавшиеся 
на протяжении веков, особенности европейских 
и американских международных отношений, изменения в политике 
международных отношений, вызванные революциями, 
начиная с Французской 1778 года, являются темой ряда текстов 
настоящего пособия. 
Системный подход, необходимый для развития речевых 
умений и навыков профессионально-ориентированного языка, 
которые могут быть применены в реальных жизненных ситуациях, 
лег в основу построения данного пособия. 
Данное учебное пособие состоит из двенадцати уроков, 
каждый из которых посвящен конкретному этапу развития 
истории международных отношений. Упражнения каждого 
урока направлены на формирование и развитие навыков чтения, 
письма, аудирования и говорения. На основе упражнений 
студенты отрабатывают лексико-грамматический материал, 
развивая языковую и профессиональную компетенции, 
что оптимизирует обучение английскому языку для специальных 
целей студентов-историков. При работе с лексикой особое 
внимание уделяется терминологии. В пособии содержатся 
упражнения, посвященные грамматическим сложностям  

английского языка. Предложенные упражнения позволяют 
проверить понимание прочитанного и приобрести навыки перевода 
профессионально-ориентированных текстов. 
В результате освоения данного учебного пособия студент 
должен развить языковые компетенции в области чтения 
и перевода специальной литературы, устной речи и восприятия 
профессионально-ориентированной информации. 
Данное учебное пособие, предназначенное для студентов-
историков, обучающихся в высших учебных заведениях по 
программе бакалавриата, может быть использовано широким 
кругом лиц, изучающих английский язык и интересующихся 
историей международных отношений. 

Unit 1  
Nature of diplomacy 

by Stephen P. Duggan 

In an everyday sense, diplomacy may simply be defined as «tact, 
skill or cunning in dealing with people». Such attributes are certain-
ly of value to professional diplomats, but the definition is too vague 
to provide a guide for academic study. In the United States «diplo-
macy» is also frequently used as a synonym for «world affairs» or 
«foreign policy». This is the sense in which it is used in Henry Kis-
singer’s study, Diplomacy, which is really a history of international 
relations since the Congress of Vienna. But the value of this usage is 
diluted by the very fact that it confuses diplomacy with something 
much broader. Another former US secretary of state, George Shultz, 
gets nearer to the mark when he writes that «diplomacy is the 
method – some might say the art – by which relations between na-
tions are managed. It is the manner, as distinct from the content, 
of foreign policy». The Oxford English Dictionary defines it more 
fully as «the management of international relations by negotiation; 
the method by which these relations are adjusted and managed by 
ambassadors and envoys; the business of art of the diplomatist; 
skill … in the conduct of international intercourse and negotiations». 
Surprisingly, it was only first used in this sense by Burke as late as 
1796. 
Diplomacy is «the art of managing the intercourse and adjusting 
the relations between states by negotiation». It is usually studied 
as the handmaid of international law, but it is in greater conformity 
to the facts of history to state that international law is the resultant 
of the working of diplomacy. Were international law to be entire-
ly swept away, diplomacy would still survive, for states must have 
relations with one another. The attitude adopted by one state to an-
other or to others during negotiations is determined primarily 
by self-interest. It is the duty of the diplomat always to keep the se-
curity and dignity of his state in the forefront of negotiations and to 
enable it to attain legitimate ambitions by every justifiable means. 
If a state has a settled national policy in foreign affairs his activities 
must look to the maintenance of that national policy. The diplo-
mat labors under the consciousness that every foreign diplomat 

with whom he negotiates, labors with an aim in view similar to his 
own. The diplomat works in a field where the unforeseen may modi-
fy conditions at any moment, but he is nevertheless held responsi-
ble for results. He is not a free agent. If he is a representative of his 
country abroad, his actions and decisions may be influenced and 
even determined by orders from home, however much against his 
will. If he is in the Foreign Office at home, he works in the 
knowledge that he must carry the legislature or its Committee on 
Foreign Affairs with him when he is part of a parliamentary regime, 
or carry the Senate with him if he is part of the American system. 
This may compel him to follow a policy and agree to decisions for 
which he personally has no liking. 
«Open diplomacy» is one of the most important reforms. 
The complaint is made that diplomats bring negotiations to a con-
clusion without keeping the public informed or without consulting 
the representatives of the people who have little to do with the con-
duct of foreign policy except to ratify whatever decisions are placed 
before them. Such criticism neglects to take into consideration 
the fact that in foreign affairs one country is dealing with matters 
that do not concern it alone. It frequently deals with secrets which 
it must share with other countries. A premature disclosure might 
result in the breaking off of negotiations altogether by another 
power, for that other power may follow methods wholly at variance 
with freedom of discussion and unrestrained publicity. Diplomatic 
negotiations are frequently of a delicate nature, involving national 
predilections which cannot be overlooked. To attempt to discuss 
everything in public would often offend national pride, arouse in-
ternational antagonisms and render impossible the give-and-take so 
necessary to the successful conclusions of negotiations, for both 
sides have rights to guard and national points of view to realize. 
A wise diplomat may render during negotiations the greatest ser-
vice to the public interest by ignoring popular clamor for full infor-
mation even when voiced in the legislature. It must not be forgotten 
that in many cases diplomatic negotiations have to do with subjects 
a knowledge of whose technical details requires special information 
or which would have little interest for the general public, or in 
which many sources of valuable information would dry up entirely 
were publicity given to them. 

It is certainly true that a ministry which neglects to obtain the 
support of public opinion whenever possible loses an immense 
force in securing the adoption of its foreign policy. The real states-
man is he who will constantly seek to instruct public opinion in his 
international policy so as to carry it with him in time of crisis. 
Statesmen and diplomats are at least partially informed on interna-
tional affairs. There would be little profit in turning from them to an 
ill informed public opinion for leadership. Moreover, it is a question 
whether popular assemblies are more likely to keep the peace than 
statesmen and diplomats. It is a question whether even on the 
grounds of theory, «open diplomacy» in the extreme sense would 
affect the conduct of international affairs for the better. Most gov-
ernmental systems of today afford the representatives of the people 
fair opportunity if they wish to use it, to see to it that the interna-
tional relations of the country are carried on not only to advance the 
national interests but in accordance with good faith and honorable 
conduct. 

(The History and Nature of International Relations;  
edited by Edmund A. Walsh; BiblioBazaar, 2009; pp. 1–4) 

Tasks 

1. Read the text. Mark the following statements true or false. 

1. Diplomacy may be defined as «tact, skill or cunning in dealing 
with people». 
2. Law is «the art of managing the intercourse and adjusting the 
relations between states by negotiation». 
3. Were international law to be entirely swept away, diplomacy 
would not survive. 
4. If a state has a settled national policy in foreign affairs his ac-
tivities must look to the maintenance of that national policy. 
5. A premature disclosure might result in the breaking off of ne-
gotiations altogether by another power. 
6. The diplomat works in a field where the unforeseen may mod-
ify conditions at any moment. 

2. Give Russian equivalents for the following phrases. 

To adjust the relations; states must needs have relations with 
one another; foreign policy; the attitude adopted by one state to an-
other; to attain legitimate ambitions; to uphold the policy; to main-
tain the integrity of; the unforeseen may modify conditions; 
diplomatic service; ill informed public opinion; to be informed on 
international affairs; attributes; to keep the peace; national policy; 
on the grounds of theory; diplomatic negotiations; representatives 
of the people; to advance the national interests; good faith. 

3. Give English equivalents for the following phrases. 

Внешняя политика; взаимодействие; установить отноше-
ния между государствами; отличительная черта; искусство 
общения; служанка международного права; отношения одного 
государства к другому обусловлены выгодой; представитель 
своей страны за рубежом; краеугольный камень; достигнуть 
установленных целей; безопасность и достоинство страны; 
государственная политика; поддерживать мир; народные из-
бранники; непродуманное соглашение; получить поддержку 
общественности; народное собрание; основываясь на теории; 
добросовестность; международные дела, требование масс; 
внешняя политика. 

4. Make up a story of your own, use as many words and phrases 
from the text as possible. 

5. Match the words and their definitions. 

1. diplomacy
a. typical of a class, group, or body of opinion

2. publicity
b. make thinner or weaker by adding water 
or another solvent to it

3. representative
c. one’s personal interest or advantage, especial-
ly when pursued without regard for others

4. dilute
d. dealing with or relating to other countries

5. self-interest
e. notice or attention given to someone or some-
thing by the media

6. foreign

f. the profession, activity of managing interna-
tional relations, typically by a country’s repre-
sentatives abroad

6. Arrange the following in the pairs of synonyms. 

a) diplomacy; antagonism; peace; seminal; public; profit; law; 
courageously; assembly; neglect; esteem; 
b) creative; benefit; meeting; bravely; hostility; amity; general; 
respect; jurisprudence; world affairs, foreign policy; disregard. 

7. Fill in the text with the words from the box. Translate the text. 
Retell it in English. 

negotiation(s); diplomacy; world; international; ambassadors; contacts; 
states

Before Burke, … was usually referred to as «…» and, while today 
this gives too narrow an idea of what … involves, there is no doubt 
that the promotion of international … is part of the diplomat’s role. 
International … is itself part of a process, a relationship between 
different entities. In the modern … the entities are generally …, but 
the term also includes … organizations and protagonists in civil 
wars. … is most likely to be successful when relationships have been 
carefully nurtured, which takes us back to the role of … and envoys, 
summits and state visits in promoting … and understanding. 

8. Expand on the following. 

– Diplomacy as the handmaid of international law; 
– diplomacy as «the process and machinery by which negotia-
tion is carried out»; 
– «Open diplomacy»; 
– the Congress of Vienna; 
– diplomatic negotiations; 
– Realpolitik. 

9. Read the text. Discuss it in the dialogue with your fellow stu-
dents. 

Harold Nicolson, in his seminal work Diplomacy of 1939, al-
so recommended the Oxford English Dictionary definition, though 
he used the term «diplomatic practice» to differentiate his focus on 
the methods and structure of diplomacy, from foreign policy in gen-
eral. Geoffrey Berridge, one of the leading contemporary experts, 
makes the definition in a rather different way: «diplomacy consists 

of communication between officials designed to promote foreign 
policy either by formal agreement or tacit adjustment». This has the 
advantage of differentiating it from the use of force, propaganda and 
law in the international sphere. It also leads on, as does the Oxford 
English Dictionary definition, to the study of the methods of com-
munication in the international sphere. These include the use of for-
eign ministries and diplomatic services, the employment of 
ambassadors and envoys, and the official contacts between gov-
ernments either bilaterally or multilaterally, including via interna-
tional organizations. The levels involved can range from the lowest 
official in a diplomatic post up to the head of state. 

10. Translate the following text into Russian. 

The study of diplomatic practice has been growing in Eu-
rope and North America in recent decades, with a few journals 
now dedicated to it. Much of the focus has been on contemporary 
developments, such as the increasing role of non-governmental or-
ganizations in international discourse and the growth of «public di-
plomacy», whereby international actors seek to influence the press 
and popular opinion. There are several works on the changing role 
of foreign ministries, diplomatic services and ambassadors since 
the Cold War. Yet diplomacy still forms only a small part of the 
study of international relations, where the focus tends to be either 
on the nature of international relationships and general explana-
tions of its interactions, or on the processes of foreign policymaking. 
Nonetheless, it is sometimes seen as highly significant. Hans 
Morgenthau, for example, as a key writer of the «Realist» school, 
emphasized the importance of states and power in the international 
system; but the closing chapter of his seminal work, Politics among 
Nations, was dedicated to diplomacy. Here there was a message 
of hope, in that «the ultimate ideal of international life – that is, 
to transcend itself in a supranational society – must await its reali-
zation from the techniques of persuasion, negotiation and pressure, 
which are the traditional instruments of diplomacy». Where Mor-
genthau believed that an international «society» had yet to be creat-
ed, others have argued that transnational elements like trade, 
domestic factors and moral concerns have already created such 
a society. Here the significance of diplomacy is obvious.