Английский язык для экономистов

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
ДЛЯ ЭКОНОМИСТОВ

Учебник

2-е издание, переработанное и дополненное

Под редакцией Е.Н. Малюга

Допущено Министерством образования

Российской Федерации в качестве учебника
для студентов высших учебных заведений,

обучающихся по экономическим специальностям

Москва

Издательство «ФЛИНТА»

2020

УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.432.1я73

А64

Ре ц е нзе н ты:
д-р филол. наук, проф. кафедры английского языкознания 
Московского государственного университета им. М.В. Ломоносова 
Т.Б. Назарова;
д-р филол. наук, проф. кафедры английского языка № 4
Московского государственного института международных 
отношений (Университета) МИД России Е.В. Пономаренко

   Английский язык для экономистов [Электронный ресурс] : 
учебник для вузов / Е.Н. Малюга, Н.В. Ваванова, Г.Н. Куприянова, 
И.В. Пушнова ; под ред. Е.Н. Малюга. — 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. — 
Москва : ФЛИНТА, 2020. — 320 с. : ил.
      ISBN 978-5-9765-4497-0
Учебник рассчитан на студентов экономических вузов. Особое 
внимание авторы уделяют практике ведения дискуссии, овладению 
навыками написания и представления презентаций по различным 
экономическим темам.
Учебник допущен Министерством науки и образования Российской 
Федерации для студентов высших учебных заведений, обучающихся по 
экономическим специальностям.

УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.432.1я73

ISBN 978-5-9765-4497-0 
© Коллектив авторов, 2020
© Издательство «ФЛИНТА», 2020

А64 

CONTENTS

Предисловие  ..................................................................................................12

UNIT  1. LABOUR RELATIONS  .......................... 14

A. Preliminary discussion  ...............................................................................14
B. Pre-reading exercises  ..................................................................................14
С. Reading  .......................................................................................................14
Collective Bargaining  ........................................................................14
D. Vocabulary  ..................................................................................................18
E. Make a summary of the text  .......................................................................21
F. Grammar notes  ............................................................................................21
The Infi nitive  .....................................................................................21
Owners Can’t Ignore Union  ..............................................................25
G. Speak up  .....................................................................................................27
H. Reading the English newspaper  .................................................................27
Ryanair Strike: Unions Accuse Airline of Breaching
Labour Laws  ......................................................................................27
I. Reading the Russian newspaper  ..................................................................31
Учителя средних школ в Лос-Анджелесе продолжают
забастовку .........................................................................................31
J. Translation  ...................................................................................................32
Что такое кадровая «яма» и как в нее не попасть  .........................32
К. Case study  ..................................................................................................34
US Teacher Strikes Generated Victories. So Why are They Ready
to Strike Again?  .................................................................................34

UNIT  2. PRODUCTION AND COSTS  ..................... 37

A. Preliminary discussion  ...............................................................................37
B. Pre-reading exercises  ..................................................................................37
C. Reading  .......................................................................................................37
Production and Costs  .........................................................................37
D. Vocabulary  ..................................................................................................42

E. Make a summary of the text  .......................................................................44
F. Grammar notes  ............................................................................................44
‘One’ and ‘It’  .....................................................................................44
G. Speak up  .....................................................................................................46
H. Reading the English newspaper  .................................................................47
OPEC to Slash Oil Production to Help Prop up Prices  .....................47
I. Reading the Russian newspaper  ..................................................................50
Может ли солнечная энергия конкурировать с углем?  ................50
J. Translation  ...................................................................................................52
Издержки производства  ..................................................................52
К. Speech practice  ...........................................................................................54
This Manufacturer Isn’t Moving to China  ........................................54

UNIT  3. URGENT PROBLEMS OF MARKETING  ......... 57

A. Preliminary discussion  ...............................................................................57
B. Pre-reading exercises  ..................................................................................57
C. Reading  .......................................................................................................57
Evolution of Modern Marketing  .......................................................57
D. Vocabulary  ..................................................................................................61
E. Make a summary of the text  .......................................................................63
F. Grammar notes  ............................................................................................64
The Passive  ........................................................................................64
G. Speak up  .....................................................................................................68
H. Reading the English newspaper  .................................................................68
Sports Direct Plans to Rebrand Itself as Frasers Group  ....................68
I. Reading the Russian newspaper  ..................................................................72
Тренды среди брендов: что готовит 2020 год?  .............................72
J. Translation  ...................................................................................................75
Внутренний брендинг: реклама или новый подход
к стратегии организации?  ...............................................................75
К. Case study  ..................................................................................................76
Case 1. Examples of Rebranding  ......................................................76
Case 2. Coca-Cola to Rebrand “Diet” Fizzy Drinks  .........................76

UNIT  4. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
 
AND CULTURAL DIVERSITIES  ........................... 78

A. Preliminary discussion  ...............................................................................78
B. Pre-reading exercises  ..................................................................................78
С. Reading  .......................................................................................................78
Culture in Economic Performance  ....................................................79
D. Vocabulary  ..................................................................................................83
E. Comprehension  ...........................................................................................84
F. Grammar notes  ............................................................................................85
Modal Verbs: Can (Could), May (Might), Must (Have to), Be to,
Should  ................................................................................................85
Understanding Culture  ......................................................................88
Compound Nouns  ..............................................................................91
G. Discussion  ..................................................................................................92
H. Make a summary of the text  .......................................................................93
I. Reading the English newspaper  ...................................................................93
You are Talking to Me  .......................................................................93
J. Reading the Russian newspaper  ..................................................................96
Разговоры ни о чем: деловые встречи в России
удивляют европейцев  ......................................................................97
К. Speak up  ...................................................................................................101
The Other Customs Barrier  .............................................................101

 
UNIT  5. BUSINESS ETHICS  ........................... 105

A. Preliminary discussion  .............................................................................105
B. Pre-reading exercises  ................................................................................105
С. Reading  .....................................................................................................105
Business Ethics  ................................................................................106
D. Vocabulary  ................................................................................................110
E. Speak up  ...................................................................................................112
F. Grammar notes  ..........................................................................................112
Ellipsis  .............................................................................................112
What Happened to Japanese Business Ethics?  ................................113

G. Reading the English newspaper  ...............................................................114
How the Oil Industry Has Spent Billions to Control the Climate 
Change Conversation  ......................................................................116
H. Reading the Russian newspaper  ...............................................................122
Вопросы деловой этики требуют большего вовлечения
бизнес-сообщества  ........................................................................122
I. Case study  ..................................................................................................125
A Nation of Cheaters  .......................................................................125
J. Speak up  ....................................................................................................128

 
UNIT  6. ACCOUNTING  ............................... 130
A. Preliminary discussion  .............................................................................130
B. Pre-reading exercises  ................................................................................130
С. Reading  .....................................................................................................130
True and Fair is not Hard and Fast  ..................................................131
D. Vocabulary  ................................................................................................135
E. Make a summary of the text  .....................................................................138
F. Grammar notes  ..........................................................................................138
The Participle  ..................................................................................138
Try Revolution, not Evolution  .........................................................141
G. Speak up  ...................................................................................................143
H. Reading the English newspaper  ...............................................................143
There’s no Accounting for Accountants  ..........................................143
I. Reading the Russian newspaper  ................................................................148
Жизнеспособный формат: какие решения позволяют
справляться с кризисом  .................................................................148
J. Translation  .................................................................................................149
Инструменты для анализа финансового состояния
предприятия  ...................................................................................149
К. Case study  ................................................................................................151

 
UNIT  7. BANKING  ................................... 152
A. Preliminary discussion  .............................................................................152
B. Pre-reading exercises  ................................................................................152

С. Reading  .....................................................................................................152

Recent Developments in Money and Banking  ................................152

D. Vocabulary  ................................................................................................156

E. Make a summary of the text  .....................................................................159

F. Grammar notes  ..........................................................................................159

Participles as Conjunctions and Prepositions  ..................................159

The ‘-ing’ Forms  ..............................................................................160

Deutsche Bank Sees Signs of an Upturn  .........................................163

G. Speak up  ...................................................................................................164

H. Reading the English newspaper  ...............................................................165

What Facebook’s New Currency Means for the Banking
System  .............................................................................................165

I. Reading the Russian newspaper  ................................................................170

Банки сокращают долю неидеальных клиентов  .........................170

J. Translation  .................................................................................................172

Деньги так и не дождались комфортных условий ......................172

К. Case study  ................................................................................................173

How will People Bank in the Future?  .............................................173

UNIT  8. FINANCIAL MARKETS
 
AND INVESTMENTS  ................................... 177

A. Preliminary discussion  .............................................................................177

B. Pre-reading exercises  ................................................................................177

C. Reading  .....................................................................................................177

America’s Financial Markets ...........................................................178

D. Vocabulary  ................................................................................................180

E. Make a summary of the text  .....................................................................183

F. Grammar notes  ..........................................................................................183

Sentences of Real and Unreal Condition  .........................................183

G. Speak up  ...................................................................................................186

H. Reading the English newspaper  ...............................................................187

Markets are Braced for a Global Downturn  ....................................187

I. Reading the Russian newspaper  ................................................................193
Самые богатые инвесторы мира озаботились будущим
планеты  ...........................................................................................193
J. Translation  .................................................................................................196
МВФ оценил объем фиктивных инвестиций
в мире в $15 трлн  ...........................................................................196
К. Case study  ................................................................................................197
Charities and Social Enterprises: Invest Responsibly
or Lose Public Trust  ........................................................................197

 
UNIT  9. THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT  ............... 201
A. Preliminary discussion  .............................................................................201
B. Pre-reading exercises  ................................................................................201
C. Reading  .....................................................................................................201
What Role Should the State Play in the Economy?  ........................202
D. Vocabulary  ................................................................................................205
E. Make a summary of the text  .....................................................................207
F. Grammar notes  ..........................................................................................207
Mixed Conditionals  .........................................................................207
G. Reading the English newspaper  ...............................................................210
How America’s Government Shutdown is Affecting Flyers  ...........210
Н. Reading the Russian newspaper  ...............................................................213
Роль государства в экономике будет возрастать  .........................213
I. Speak up  ....................................................................................................216
J. Case study ..................................................................................................218
How Government Can Affect Market  .............................................218

 
UNIT  10. MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY  ........... 222
A. Preliminary discussion  .............................................................................222
B. Pre-reading exercises  ................................................................................222
C. Reading  .....................................................................................................222
Effectiveness of Monetary Policy  ...................................................223
D. Vocabulary  ................................................................................................227

E. Make a summary of the text  .....................................................................230

F. Grammar notes  ..........................................................................................230

The Gerund  ......................................................................................230

Bank of Japan Eases Monetary Policy  ............................................233

G. Speak up  ...................................................................................................235

H. Reading the English newspaper  ...............................................................235

Monetary Policy in Africa Has Become More Orthodox  ................235

I. Reading the Russian newspaper  ................................................................239

Выйти из ловушки: как Россия намерена достичь
роста ВВП  ......................................................................................239

J. Translation  .................................................................................................241

Кредитно-денежная политика и ее эффективность  ....................241

К. Case study  ................................................................................................242

Is Modern Monetary Theory Nutty or Essential?  ............................242

 
UNIT  11. GLOBALISATION  ........................... 246

A. Preliminary discussion  .............................................................................246

B. Pre-reading exercises  ................................................................................246

C. Reading  .....................................................................................................246

There is an Alternative to Globalisation: It’s Localisation —
a Global Manifesto  ..........................................................................247

D. Vocabulary  ................................................................................................251

E. Make a summary of the text  .....................................................................253

F. Grammar notes  ..........................................................................................254

Inversion  ..........................................................................................254

G. Speak up  ...................................................................................................257

H. Reading the English newspaper  ...............................................................258

The Globalisation Counter-Reaction  ...............................................258

I. Reading the Russian newspaper  ................................................................263

Неуловимо, но неизбежно: почему мировая экономика
входит в новый кризис и какова роль глобализации
в этих процессах  ............................................................................263

J. Translation  .................................................................................................266
Орешкин предупредил о «разматывании клубка глобализации»
во время кризиса  ............................................................................266
К. Case study  ................................................................................................267

 
UNIT  12. ECONOMICS AND ECOLOGY  ............... 270
A. Preliminary discussion  .............................................................................270
B. Pre-reading exercises  ................................................................................270
С. Reading  .....................................................................................................270
Global Problems Need Global Solutions  ........................................270
D. Vocabulary  ................................................................................................275
E. Make a summary of the text  .....................................................................278
F. Grammar notes  ..........................................................................................278
Causative  .........................................................................................278
G. Speak up  ...................................................................................................281
H. Reading the English newspaper  ...............................................................282
Atmospheric Pressure  ......................................................................282
I. Reading the Russian newspaper  ................................................................286
Проблемы взаимодействия экологии и экономики  ....................286
J. Translation  .................................................................................................288
Как выживает канадский север  ....................................................289
К. Case study  ................................................................................................290
The Importance of Error in Ecology  ...............................................290

 
UNIT  13. INTERNATIONAL TRADE  ................... 292
A. Preliminary discussion  .............................................................................292
B. Pre-reading exercises  ................................................................................292
C. Reading  .....................................................................................................292
International Specialisation  .............................................................293
D. Vocabulary  ................................................................................................297
E. Make a summary of the text  .....................................................................300
F. Grammar revision  .....................................................................................301
Exports Collapse as Coronavirus Freezes International Trade  ........301

G. Reading the English newspaper  ...............................................................304
EU Scores in Trade War with US  ....................................................304
H. Reading the Russian newspaper  ...............................................................308
Обновление цепочек: какой станет международная торговля
после кризиса  .................................................................................308
I. Speak up  ....................................................................................................310
US Launches GM Trade War  ..........................................................311

List of websites  .............................................................................................314
References  .....................................................................................................316
Dictionaries  ...................................................................................................318

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Учебник «Английский язык для экономистов» рассчитан 
на студентов экономических вузов, прошедших на более ранних этапах обучения английский язык для делового общения, 
английский язык для профессиональных целей и освоивших 
английский язык на уровне B2—C1. Учебник «Английский 
язык для экономистов» нацелен на повышение языковой компетенции студентов-экономистов, что позволит им находиться 
в курсе теоретических разработок ведущих зарубежных специалистов.
По прохождении данного учебника студенты смогут обсуждать проблемы, характерные для российской экономики, ориентироваться в значительных потоках экономической информации.
Тематика учебника максимально приближена к изучению 
данной проблематики на русском языке. Специальный акцент 
делается на современные тенденции развития экономического 
языка как одной из наиболее динамично развивающихся сфер, 
что призвано способствовать формированию у студентов навыков использования современных лексико-грамматических 
конструкций и терминологии. С точки зрения эффективности 
обучения, учебник знакомит студентов с принципами самостоятельного поиска языкового материала, необходимого для решения поставленных перед ними экономических задач на английском языке.
Особое внимание уделяется практике ведения научной дискуссии и овладению навыками представления презентаций по 
различным экономическим тематикам, что должно способствовать развитию у студентов склонности к проведению самостоятельной научной работы, опираясь на ранее приобретенные навыки чтения и аудирования.
Студенты, имеющие языковой уровень B2—C1 изучают 
лек сико-грамматический материал применительно к тематике 
учебного пособия. В отдельные аспекты обучения выделяют

ся: экономические тексты (газетно-публицистические, научные и учебные); перевод как вид речевой деятельности (устная 
и письменная формы); реферирование газетных, журнальных 
текстов.
Апробация учебника успешно прошла на 4 курсе экономического факультета РУДН. Причем особенно удачными, по 
мнению специалистов, оказался отбор материала, содержащего 
большое количество профессиональной лексики, разнообразный набор заданий, нацеленный на понимание англоязычных 
текстов, перевода их на русский язык, на расширение и закрепление знаний в области грамматики, а также на развитие навыков прямого и обратного перевода и реферирование текстов. 
Особым достоинством учебника является и то, что в каждый 
раздел включены проблемные ситуации (case studies), создаются 
условия для работы в группе и для «мозгового штурма».
Авторы выражают глубокую признательность рецензентам: 
доктору филологических наук, профессору кафедры английского 
языкознания филологического факультета МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова Тамаре Борисовне Назаровой и доктору филологических 
наук, профессору кафедры английского языка № 4 Московского 
государственного института международных отношений (Университета) МИД России Евгении Витальевне Пономаренко за 
положительную оценку учебника. Авторы также благодарят 
российские и зарубежные издательства, любезно предоставившие свои материалы в учебных целях.
Е.Н. Малюга,
профессор, доктор филологических наук,
заведующий кафедрой иностранных языков
экономического факультета
Российского университета дружбы народов

UNI T  1. LABOUR RELATIONS

A. Preliminary discussion

1. What are labour or trade unions?
2. How do unions infl uence the economy?
3. Do they increase or diminish economic effi ciency?

B. Pre-reading exercises

B.l. Skim the text and give its key idea.

B.2. Scan the text for the following information.

1. What is collective bargaining?
2. Collective bargaining agreements typically cover several 
topics. What are they?
3. When does collective bargaining over a new contract begin?

C. Reading

C.1. Read the text and answer the questions.

1. How do closed and open shops differ?
2. What contract issues are addressed in the bargaining 
process?
3. Why have workers become “job conscious”?
4. How does the bargaining process occur?

Collective Bargaining

Despite the decline of unionism, collective bargaining — the 
negotiation of labour contracts — remains an important feature of 

labour-management relations. The goal of collective bargaining is to 
establish a “work agreement” between the fi rm and the union.
The Work Agreement. Collective bargaining agreements 
(contracts) assume many forms. Some contracts are brief, taking up 
only 2 or 3 pages; others are lengthy and highly detailed, requiring 
200 or 300 pages of print. Some agreements involve only a local 
union and a single plant; others set wages, hours, and working 
conditions for entire industries.
Typically, however, collective bargaining agreements cover 
several topics.
Union Status and Managerial Prerogatives. As for union 
status, the closed shop affords the union the greatest security. 
In a closed shop, a worker must be (or become) a member of the 
union before being hired. Under Federal labour law, such shops 
are illegal in industries other than transportation and construction. 
In contrast, a union shop permits the employer to hire non-union 
workers but provides that these workers must join the union within 
a specifi ed period, say, 30 days, or relinquish their jobs. An agency 
shop requires non-union workers to pay union dues or donate an 
equivalent amount to charity. Union and agency shops are legal, 
except in the 20 states which expressly prohibit them through socalled right-to-work laws. In the open shop, an employer may hire 
union or non-union workers. Those who are non-union are not 
obligated to join the union or pay union dues; they may continue on 
their jobs indefi nitely as non-union workers. Nevertheless, the wage, 
hours, and working conditions set forth in the work agreement apply 
to the non-union workers as well as the union workers.
The management side of the union-status issue is managerial 
prerogatives. Most work agreements contain clauses outlining 
certain decisions reserved solely for management. These prerogatives 
usually cover such matters as size and location of plants, products 
to be manufactured, types of equipment and materials to be used in 
production and in production scheduling.

Wages and Hours. The focal 
point of any bargaining agreement 
is wages and hours. Both labour 
and management press for the 
advantage in wage bargaining. The 
arguments which unions use most 
frequently in demanding (and by 
the fi rm in resisting) wage boosts 
are (1) “what others are getting,” 
(2) the employer’s ability to pay, 
based 
on 
its 
profi tability, 
(3) increases in the cost of living, 
and 
(4) 
increases 
in 
labour 
productivity. In some cases, unions 
achieve success in tying wages to 
the cost of living through cost-ofliving adjustment (COLA) clauses.
Hours of work, voluntary versus mandatory overtime, holiday 
and vacation provisions, profi t sharing, and fringe benefi ts — health 
plans and pension benefi ts — are other contract issues which must 
be addressed in the bargaining process.
Seniority and Job Protection. The uncertainty of employment 
in a market economy, along with the fear of anti-union discrimination 
on the part of employers, has made workers and their unions “Job 
conscious.” The explicit and detailed provisions covering job 
opportunities which most agreements contain refl ect this concern. 
Unions stress seniority (length of service) as the basis for worker 
promotion and for layoff and recall. They want the worker with 
the longest continuous service to have the fi rst chance at relevant 
promotions, be the last one laid off, and be the fi rst one recalled from 
layoff.
In recent years, unions have become increasingly sensitive to 
losing jobs to non-union subcontractors and to overseas workers. 
Unions sometimes seek limits on the fi rm’s ability to subcontract out 
work or to relocate production facilities overseas.

Grievance 
Procedures. 
Even 
the 
most 
detailed 
and 
comprehensive work agreement cannot spell out all the specifi c 
issues and problems which might occur during its life. For example, 
suppose that Nelson gets reassigned to a Iess pleasant job. Was this 
reassignment for legitimate business reasons or, as Nelson suspects, 
because of a personality confl ict with a particular manager? Labour 
contracts contain grievance procedures to resolve such matters.

The Bargaining Process
The date for the beginning of collective bargaining on a new 
contract is usually set in the existing contract and is usually 
60 days before the current one expires. The union normally takes 
the initiative, presenting its demands in the form of specifi c 
wage, fringe-benefi t, and other adjustments to the present union 
management contract. The fi rm counters with an offer relating to 
these and other contract provisions. It is not unusual for the original 
union demand and the fi rst offer by the fi rm to be far apart, not only 
because of the parties’ confl icting interests but also because the 
parties know they are obligated by law to bargain in good faith. The 
initial “large demand-low offer situation” leaves plenty of room or 
compromise during the negotiations.
The negotiating then begins in earnest on items in dispute. 
Hanging over the negotiations is the deadline, which occurs 
the moment the present contract expires. At that time there is a 
possibility of a strike — a “work stoppage” by the union — if it 
thinks its demands are not satisfactorily met. But there is also the 
possibility that at that time the fi rm may engage in a lockout, in 
which it forbids the workers to return to work until a new contract 
is signed. In this setting of uncertainty prior to the deadline, both 
parties feel pressure to fi nd mutually acceptable terms.
Although bluster and bickering often occur in collective 
bargaining, labour and management display a remarkable capacity 
for compromise and agreement. Typically they reach a compromise 
solution which is written into a new contract. Nevertheless, strikes 

and lockouts occasionally do occur. When they happen, workers lose 
income and fi rms lose profi t. To stem their losses, both parties look 
for and usually eventually fi nd ways to settle the labour dispute and 
get the workers back to work.
Bargaining, strikes, and lockouts occur within a framework 
of Federal labour law, specifi cally the National Labour Relations 
Act (NLRA). This act was fi rst passed as the Wagner Act and later 
amended by the Taft-Hartley Act and the Landrum-Griffi n Act. 
The act sets forth the dos and don’ts of union and management 
labour practices. For example, while union members can picket in 
front of a fi rm’s business, they cannot block access to the business 
by customers, co-workers, or strikebreakers hired by the fi rm. As 
a second example, fi rms cannot refuse to meet and talk with the 
union’s designated representatives.
(C.R. McConnell, S.L. Brae)

C.2. Decide whether these statements are True (T) or False (F).

1. A union shop affords the union the greatest security.
2. Union and agency shops are illegal in 20 states.
3. Non-union workers cannot exercise their rights set forth in 
the work agreement.
4. The bargaining process usually begins within two months 
before the expiration of the current contract.
5. Both parties are pressed to fi nd mutually acceptable terms 
prior to the deadline.

D. Vocabulary

D.1. Learn the vocabulary and make up your own sentences.

collective bargaining — the discussion held between an employer and 
trade unions in order to reach an agreement on wages and working 
conditions
prerogative (n) — a special right belonging to a particular person, 
especially because of the offi cial position they hold

closed shop — а place of work where only members of a particular 
trade union are employed
relinquish (v) — to give up dues (n, plural) — regular payments made 
to an organisation such as professional association or trade union 
by its members
set forth (phr v) — to formulate one’s demands, to settle one’s 
requirements in defi nite terms
cost-of-living adjustment — in the US, an increase in someone’s pay 
or pension, made to cover increases in the cost of living
voluntary (adj) — acting or done willingly, without being forced
mandatory (adj) — which must be done
fringe benefi ts — advantage or service given with a job besides wages 
(company cars, loans at low rates of interest, etc.)
explicit (adj) — clear and fully expressed
provision (n) — a part of a law, contract, agreement, etc. that relates to 
a particular subject
layoff (n) — the act of stopping a worker’s employment
recall (n) — the act of offi cially telling someone to come back
grievance procedure — the system that a company has to discuss 
workers’ complaints
spell out (phr v) — to explain in the clearest or most detailed way
expire (v) — to come to an end; run out
counter (v) — to move or act in order to oppose or defend yourself 
against something
in earnest — seriously; in a determined way
lockout (n) — a situation in which people are prevented from entering 
their place of work until they have agreed to accept conditions set 
down by their employers
bluster (n) — noisy or boastful talk
bickering (n) — quarrelling, especially about important matters
stem (v) — to stop
strike-breaker — a person who takes the job of someone else who is 
on strike
designated (adj) — chosen or named for a particular job or purpose