Анатомия центральной нервной системы
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Тематика:
Анатомия и физиология человека
Издательство:
НИЦ ИНФРА-М
Год издания: 2019
Кол-во страниц: 113
Дополнительно
Вид издания:
Учебное пособие
Уровень образования:
Профессиональное образование
ISBN-онлайн: 978-5-16-107893-8
Артикул: 714124.01.99
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Представлены в виде таблиц обобщенные и систематизированные данные о строении и проводящих путях центральной нервной системы. Пособие содержит большое количество схем и рисунков.
Издание предназначено для обучающихся по основным профессиональным образовательным программам высшего образования — программам специалитета области образования «Здравоохранение» и «Медицинские науки», направления подготовки 31.05.01 «Лечебное дело», 31.05.03 «Стоматология».
Presented in the form of tables, summary and systematic data on the structure and-conducting pathways of the central nervous system. The book contains a large number of diagrams and drawings.
The manual is intended for students in basic professional educa¬tional programs of higher education — programs Specialty education «Health» and «Medical sciences».
Тематика:
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УДК:
ОКСО:
- ВО - Специалитет
- 31.05.01: Лечебное дело
- 31.05.02: Педиатрия
- 31.05.03: Стоматология
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О.В. КАЛМИН О.А. КАЛМИНА АНАТОМИЯ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ НЕРВНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ Учебное пособие Москва ИНФРА-М 2019
УДК 611.81(075.8)
ББК 28.706я73
ФЗ № Издание не подлежит маркировке 436-ФЗ в соответствии с п. 1 ч. 2 ст. 1
К17
Рекомендовано к изданию методической комиссией Медицинского института Пензенского государственного университета (протокол № 7 от 10.03.2016)
Рецензенты:
Н.А. Плотникова — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой нормальной и патологической анатомии с курсом судебной медицины Мордовского государственного университета имени Н. П. Огарева;
Е.А. Анисимова — доктор медицинских наук, доцент, профессор кафедры анатомии человека Саратовского государственного медицинского университета имени В.И. Разумовского Минздрава России
Калмин О. В.
К17 Анатомия центральной нервной системы : учеб. пособие /
О.В. Калмин, О.А. Калмина. — М. : ИНФРА-М, 2019. — 113 с.
ISBN 978-5-16-107893-8 (online)
Представлены в виде таблиц обобщенные и систематизированные данные о строении и проводящих путях центральной нервной системы. Пособие содержит большое количество схем и рисунков.
Издание предназначено для обучающихся по основным профессиональным образовательным программам высшего образования — программам специалитета области образования «Здравоохранение» и «Медицинские науки», направления подготовки 31.05.01 «Лечебное дело», 31.05.03 «Стоматология».
Presented in the form of tables, summary and systematic data on the structure and-conducting pathways of the central nervous system. The book contains a large number of diagrams and drawings.
The manual is intended for students in basic professional educational programs of higher education — programs Specialty education «Health» and «Medical sciences».
УДК 611.81(075.8)
ББК 28.706я73
ISBN 978-5-16-107893-8 (online)
© Калмин О.В., Калмина О.А., 2019
CONTENT
Spinal cord ....................................................... 4
Medulla oblongata................................................. 13
Pons ............................................................. 22
Cerebellum ....................................................... 33
Mesencephalon..................................................... 41
Diencephalon...................................................... 49
Telencephalon .................................................... 65
Pathways of the central nervous system ........................... 82
References ...................................................... 113
SPINAL CORD
Grey matter
Name Localization Function
Fascicular cells, Diffusely dispersed in the Connect the segments
cellulae disseminatae grey matter of spinal cord of spinal cord between
each other (part of the
segmental apparatus)
Reticular formation, On the level of cervical Activates or inhibits
formatio reticularis segments - between the an activity of spinal cord,
anterior and posterior horns, connects the spinal cord
at the level of upper thorac- with brain
ic segments - between the
lateral and posterior horns,
it’s adjacent to the grey
matter
Anterior column
Posterolateral Behind the anterolateral Agglomeration of motor
nucleus, nucleus nucleus in C5 - Th1 neurons
posterolateralis and L2 - S2 segments
Posteromedial Beside the white commis- Agglomeration of motor
nucleus, nucleus sure in Th1 - S2 segments neurons
posteromedialis
Retroposterior Behind the posterolateral Agglomeration of motor
lateral nucleus, nucleus in C8 - Th1 neurons
nucleus retroposterol- and S1 - S3 segments
ateralis
Anterolateral Anterolateral branch Agglomeration of motor
nucleus, nucleus of C4 - C8 and L2 - S1 neurons.
anterolateralis segments
Anteromedial Anteromedial part Agglomeration of motor
nucleus, nucleus neurons
anteromedialis
Lumbodorsal In L3 - S1 segments Agglomeration of motor
nucleus, nucleus neurons
lumbodorsalis
Central nucleus, In Th1 - L3, S1 - S5 Agglomeration of motor
nucleus centralis segments neurons
4
Name Localization Function
Nucleus of phrenic In the middle of anterior Agglomeration of motor
nerve, nucleus nervi horn C4 - C7 segments neurons
phrenici
Nucleus of accessory Close to the anterolateral Motor spinal nucleus
nerve, nucleus nervi nucleus in C1 - C6 of accessory nerve
accessorii segments
Posterior column
Secondary visceral Some dorsal of central Agglomeration
grey substance, intermediate substance of vegetative neurons
substantia visceralis
secundaria
Zona spongiosa, On the periphery of dorsal Connects the segments
zona spongiosa horn, dorsal of substance of the spinal cord between
gelatinosa each other (part of the
segmental apparatus)
Nucleus proprius General mass of dorsal horn Agglomeration of interneu-
of posterior horn, rons (2nd neuron of spino-
nucleus proprius thalamic tracts)
cornu posterioris
Gelatinous On the periphery of apex of Connects the segments
substance, substantia dorsal horn of the spinal cord between
gelalinosa each other (part of the
segmental apparatus)
Intermediate column
Thoracic nucleus, On the medial side in the Agglomeration of inter
Stilling-Clarke’s base of dorsal horn neurons (2nd neuron
nucleus, nucleus of C8 - L2 segments of posterior spinocerebellar
thoracicus tract)
Sacral parasympa- In S2 - S4 segments Agglomeration
thetic nuclei, nuclei anterior to the lateral of parasympathetic neurons
parasympathici intermediate substance
sacrales
Lateral intermediate Laterally in C8 - L3 Cluster of autonomic
substance, substantia segments sympathetic neurons
intermedia lateralis
Central intermediate Intermediate zona of spinal Agglomeration
substance, substantia cord, near central canal of interneurons
intermedia centralis Th1 - L3 segments (2nd neuron of anterior
spinocerebellar tract)
5
White matter
Name Localization Function
Zona terminalis, zona At the region of the apex Part of posterior root with-
terminalis of posterior horn in the spinal cord
Anterior funiculus
Medial longitudinal Between anterior cortico- Connects the motor nuclei
fasciculus, fasciculus spinal tract anterior to ven- of the III, IV, VI, IX and
longitudinalis medialis tral grey commissure behind vestibular nuclei VIII cra-
nial nerves with the motor
neuron of the spinal cord,
innervate the muscles of
the neck, conducts impuls-
es that coordinate complex
turn of the head and eyes in
response to auditory and
visual stimuli
Anterior fasciculi On the peripheral of anteri- Connects the segments
proprii, fasciculi or horn of spinal cord of the spinal cord between
proprii anteriores each other (part of the
segmental apparatus)
Anterior corticospi- Medial part of anterior Part of pyramidal system,
nal tract, tractus funiculus conscious motor pathway
corticospinalis
anterior
Anterior spinotha- Anterior from reticulospinal Conducts impulses
lamic tract, tractus tract of tactile sensitivity (sense
spinothalamicus of touch and pressure)
anterior
Tectospinal tract, Directly adjacent to anterior Allows the unconscious
tractus tectospinalis median fissure of spinal movements in response
cord to the auditory and visual
stimuli, part of extrapyram-
idal system
Vestibulospinal tract, On the border of anterior Regulates the unconscious
tractus funiculus with lateral one, movements in response
vestibulospinalis near the anterolateral sulcus to the change of body posi-
of spinal cord tion, part of extrapyramidal
system
Reticulospinal tract, Central part of anterior Conducts impulses active-
tractus reticulospinalis funiculus, lateral of anterior ting and inhibitory reflex
corticospinal tract activity of the spinal cord
6
Name Localization Function
Lateral funiculus
Posterior spino- Posterolateral part of lateral Conducts impulses
cerebellar tract, funiculus, near of posterol- of proprioceptive sensi-
Flechsig’s tract, ateral sulcus of spinal cord tivity
tractus spinocerebel-
laris posterior
Rubrospinal tract, Anterior to lateral cortico- Conducts impulses
tractus rubrospinalis spinal tract of automatic unconscious
control of movements and
skeletal muscle tone,
primary pathway of extrap-
yramidal system
Lateral fasciculi On the periphery of lateral Connects the segments
proprii, fasciculi horn of spinal cord of the spinal cord between
proprii laterales each other (part of the
segmental apparatus)
Lateral corticospinal Medially to posterior spino- Part of pyramidal system,
tract, tractus cortico- cerebellar tract conscious motor pathway
spinalis lateralis
Lateral spinothalam- Anterior part of lateral Conducts impulses
ic tract, tractus spino- funiculus, medially of temperature and pain
thalamicus lateralis to anterior spinocerebellar sensitivity
tract
Olivospinal tract, On the periphery of anterior Conducts impulses of au-
tractus olivospinalis spinocerebellar tract, on the tomatic unconscious con-
border of anterior funiculus trol of movements and
skeletal muscle tone, part
of extra-pyramidal system
Anterior spino- Anterolateral part of lateral Conducts impulses
cerebellar tract, funiculus, near anterolateral of proprioceptive
Gowers’ tract, tractus sulcus of spinal cord sensitivity
spinocerebellaris
anterior
Spinotectal tract, Anterior to lateral Conducts impulses
tractus spinotectalis spinothalamic tract of exteroceptive sensibility
Spino-olivary tract, Near to anterior root Contains information from
tractus spinoolivaris filaments of spinal nerves the skin, muscle and tendon
near of olivospinal tract receptors
Spinoreticular tract, Behind the spino-olivary Forms the bilateral
tractus tract projections on all branchs
spinoreticularis of brainstem reticular
formation
7
Name Localization Function
Posterior funiculus
Posterior fasciculi Adjoins to posterior horn Connects the segments
proprii, fasciculi of spinal cord of the spinal cord between
proprii posteriores each other (part of the
segmental apparatus)
Cuneate fasciculus, In posterior funiculus Conducts impulses
Burdach’s fasciculus, laterally of conscious proprioceptive
fasciculus cuneatus sensitivity from 12 upper
segments of spinal cord
Gracile fasciculus, In posterior funiculus Conducts impulses
Goll’s fasciculus, medially of conscious proprioceptive
fasciculus gracilis sensitivity from 19 lower
segments of spinal cord
nucleus proprius cornu posterioris
cornu laterale
canalis centralis
funiculus lateralis
cornu posterius
funiculus posterior
funiculus anterior
Pic. 1. Internal structure of the spinal cord. Transverse section at the level of thoracic segments (Гайворонский И. В., 2007¹)
comu anterius
substantia gelatinosa zona spongiosa
zona terminalis
nucleus thoracicus
nucleus intermediolateralis nuclei proprii cornu anterioris
nucleus intermediomedialis
¹ Гайворонский И. В. Нормальная анатомия человека : в 2 т. СПб. СпецЛит, 2007. Т. 2.
9
Pic. 2. Internal structure of the spinal cord, transverse section (Сапин М. Р., 1997²)
Pathways (1-18) and nuclei of gray matter (19-28) in spinal cord.
1 - fasciculus gracilis; 2 - fasciculus cuneatus; 3 - fasciculus proprius dorsalis (posterior); 4 - tractus spinocerebellaris dorsalis (posterior); 5 - tractus corticospi-nalis (pyramidalis) lateralis; 6 - fasciculus proprius lateralis; 7 - tractus rubrospi-nalis; 8 - tractus spinothalamicus lateralis; 9 - tractus vestibulospinalis dorsalis; 10 - tractus spinocerebellaris ventralis; 11 - tractus spinotectalis; 12 - tractus olivospinalis; 13 - tractus reticulospinalis anterior; 14 - tractus vestibulospinalis; 15 - tractus spinothalamicus ventralis; 16 - fasciculus proprius anterior; 17 - tractus corticospinalis (pyramidalis) anterior; 18 - tractus tectospinalis; 19 - nucleus ven-tromedialis; 20 - nucleus dorsomedialis; 21 - nucleus centralis; 22 - nucleus ven-trolateralis; 23 - nucleus dorsolateralis; 24 - substantia intermedia lateralis; 25 - nucleus intermediomedialis; 26 - canalis centralis; 27 - nucleus thoracicus; 28 - nucleus proprius cornu posterior; 29 - zona terminalis; 30 - substantia spongiosa; 31 - substantia gelatinosa
² Анатомия человека : в 2 т. / под ред. М. Р. Сапина. М. : Медицина, 1997. Т. 2.
10
Pic. 3. Segmental apparatus of spinal cord (Гайворонский И. В., 2007³):
1 - fasciculus proprius anterior; 2 - fasciculus proprius lateralis;
3 - fasciculus proprius posterior; 4 - fibres of posterior roots;
5 - internuncial neurons; 6 - fibres of anterior roots;
7 - neurons of proper nuclei of anterior horn
³ Гайворонский И. В. Нормальная анатомия человека : в 2 т. СПб. СпецЛит, 2007. Т. 2.
11
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