Legal English: Visual Reference Materials: Английский язык для юристов: рисунки, схемы, таблицы
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Тематика:
Английский язык
Издательство:
НИЦ ИНФРА-М
Автор:
Попов Евгений Борисович
Год издания: 2017
Кол-во страниц: 76
Дополнительно
Вид издания:
Учебное пособие
Уровень образования:
ВО - Бакалавриат
ISBN-онлайн: 978-5-16-105992-0
Артикул: 666509.01.99
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Учебное пособие предназначается для студентов, обучающихся по направлению подготовки «Юриспруденция», уровень подготовки: бакалавр. Пособие содержит дополнительные материалы по всем тематическим блокам базового учебника «Legal English: Quick Overview: Английский язык в сфере юриспруденции» (Авторы: Е.Б. Попов, Е.М. Феоктистова, Г.Р. Халюшева).
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Е.Б. Попов Legal English: Visual Reference Materials: Английский язык для юристов: рисунки, схемы, таблицы Москва Инфра-М 2017
Е.Б. Попов Legal English: Visual Reference Materials: Английский язык для юристов: рисунки, схемы, таблицы Учебное пособие Москва Инфра-М; Znanium.com 2017
УДК 811.11(07) ББК 81(Англ)я73 А64 Попов, Е.Б. Legal English: Visual Reference Materials: Английский язык для юристов: рисунки, схемы, таблицы: учеб. пособие / Е.Б. Попов. – М.: Инфра-М; Znanium.com, 2017. – 75 с. ISBN 978-5-16-105992-0 (online) Учебное пособие предназначается для студентов, обучающихся по направлению подготовки «Юриспруденция», уровень подготовки: бакалавр. Пособие содержит дополнительные материалы по всем тематическим блокам базового учебника «Legal English: Quick Overview: Английский язык в сфере юриспруденции» (Авторы: Е.Б. Попов, Е.М. Феоктистова, Г.Р. Халюшева). ISBN 978-5-16-105992-0 (online) © Попов Е.Б., 2017
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………...... UNIT 1. Form of Government Political System in the UK ……………………………………………........ 3 Branches of U.S. Government ……………………………………......... Government of the United States ……………………………………....... US Federal Government of Checks and Balances ………………........ UNIT 2. Law and Its Sources Overview of Sources of Law in the UK ……………………………......... Legislative Process in the UK ……………………………………….......... Precedent …………………………………………………………………....... Sources of Law in the USA ……………………………………………....... Hierarchy of Law in the USA ………………………………………...….... How to Read Citations …………………………………………………....... UNIT 3. Civil Law Civil and Criminal Branches of Law ……………………….............….. Stages in Civil Procedure ………………………………………................ Proceedings during Civil Trial ……………………………….............….. Judicial Remedies ……………………………………………..............…… UNIT 4. Law of Property Forms of Intellectual Property ……………………………........……....... UNIT 5. Family Law Advantages and Disadvantages of Basic Family Structures …........ Main Areas of Family Law ............................................................. Comparison between Divorce and Annulment ……………................ UNIT 6. Contract Law Getting to Contract ………………………………………………............... Validity of Agreements ……………………………………………............. How Are Contracts Classified …………………………………............... General Patterns of Effects of Incapacity on Agreements ................ Classifications Based on Contract Formation ……………….............. Enforceable, Voidable, Unenforceable, and Void Contracts ............ Contract Legality ........................................................................... Causes of Contract Discharge …………………………………............... UNIT 7. Company Law Major Forms of Business Compared …………………………............... Benefits and Drawbacks of Different Types of Business Entities .... How Do Stocks and Bonds Differ ………………………………............. Types of Stocks …………………………………………………….............. Checklist: Starting a Corporation ……………………………................ Management Structure of Corporations ……………………................ Management Structure of Typical Publicly Held Corporation ......... Enterprise Organizational Chart ……………………………….............. UNIT 8. Criminal Law Criminal Liability …………………………………………………............... Elements of Accomplice …………………………………………............... 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 26 27 27 27 28 29 30 30 31 32 33 33 33 34 35
Elements of Bad Result Crimes ..................................................... Classification of Mental States ………………………………….............. Charge and Bail ............................................................................ Typical Steps in a Criminal Prosecution ……………………............... UNIT 9. Punishment Aims of Sentencing ………………………………………………............... Sentencing Powers of Courts ……………………………………............. Sentencing Continuum …………………………………………………...... UNIT 10. Law of Torts Classification of Torts ………………………………………….................. Tort Law Defences ………………………………………………................ UNIT 11. Evidence and Investigation Evidentiary Standards of Proof: Degrees of Certainty ….................. Types of Evidence Collected During an Investigative Process …...... Suspect and Vehicle Description Sheet ……………………................. Investigative Process ……………………………………………................ Generic Reactive Investigation …………………………….................... UNIT 12. Judiciary Criminal Law vs. Civil Law …………………………….......................... Steps in a Civil Case – Jury Trial ……………………………................ Trial Objections …………………………….......................................... Steps in a Civil Case – After Trial ……………………………................ Trial and Sentencing ……………………………................................... Qualifications for Jury Service (UK) ……………………………............ In the Court Room ………………………..……………………………........ Court Structure in the UК …………………………….......................... Structure of Courts in England and Wales ……………………........... The UK Judiciary: Selection and Appointment ………………............ Inferior and Senior Judges in England and Wales …………….......... Structure of Federal Court System in the USA …………………......... Examples of Jurisdiction in the US Federal and State Courts ........ How the US Supreme Court Works ……………………………….......... Typical State Court System (US) ……………………………................. Arizona State Court System ……………………………........................ Juror Qualifications and Terms of Jury Service (US) …………......... UNIT 13. Legal Profession Routes to Becoming a Solicitor or Barrister …………………….......... Chart Comparing Solicitors and Barristers (England and Wales) Best Law Schools in the USA (Ranked in 2017) …………………....... How to Become an Attorney ……………………………........................ Types of Professional Misconduct of Lawyers ……………………........ UNIT 14. Labor Relations Sources and Terms of the Contract of Employment ……………........ Family Leave (Canada) ……………………………................................ Brief Overview of the Different Rules on Dismissals (Denmark) ….... Reasons Why a Person May Have Been Dismissed ……………......... Major Data Sources ………………………………………………………........ 35 36 37 38 39 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74
INTRODUCTION Учебное пособие предназнача ется для студентов, обучающихся по направлению подготовки «Юриспруденция», уровень подготовки: бакалавр. Пособие содержит дополнительные материалы по всем тематическим блокам базового учебника “Legal English: Quick Overview”: «Английский язык в сфере юриспруденции» (Авторы: Е.Б. Попов, Е.М. Феоктистова, Г.Р. Халюшева): форма государственного устройства, право и его источники, гражданское право, право собственности, семейное право, договорное право, законодательство о компаниях, уголовное право, уголовное наказание, деликтное право, расследование и доказывание, судебная система, юридическая профессия, трудовые отношения. Образовательные тексты, пред ставленные в учебном пособии, призваны помочь студентам не только овладеть ключевыми понятиями и категориями, сложившимися в англоязычной правовой культуре, но и усовершенствовать навыки обработки профессионально значимой информации на английском языке, представленной в таблицах, схемах и рисунках. Дополнительные материалы по добраны из различных англоязычных печатных и электронных источников с целью создания у студентов бакалавриата, изучающих иностранный язык, целостной и более полной картины правовой действительности в странах изучаемого языка. Основные источники информации, использованные при создании данного учебного пособия, указаны в виде ссылок на стр. 74.
Political System in the UK1 3 Branches of U.S. Government2 The House of Commons (about 650 MPs) Primary Role Creates/Designs Laws Scrutinizes/Approves Laws Represents The Will of the People HM Government (20-25 Members) Primary Role Puts forward Laws Runs Government Represents The Will of the Majority The Monarch Primary Role Represents the UK Signs Bills into Law Represents Ceremony/Tradition The House of Lords (about 800 Members) Primary Role Scrutinizes/Approves Laws Acts as a Safeguard Represents The Unwritten Constitution The UK Courts of Law Primary Role Upholds the Law Represents The Rule of Law Elected Legislature & The Executive The Crown Appointed Legislature Judiciary The Largest Party then Forms:
department – министерство independent establishment – отдельное ведомство government corporation – государственное акционерное общество board – совет, управление foundation – фонд THE US CONSTITUTION Executive Branch: the President and the Vice President - Department of Agriculture - Department of Commerce - Department of Defense - Department of Education - Department of Energy - Department of Health and Human Services - Department of Homeland Security - Department of Housing and Urban Development - Department of Justice - Department of Labor - Department of State - Department of the Interior - Department of Transportation - Department of Treasury - Department of Veterans Affairs - Broadcasting Board of Governors - Central Intelligence Agency - Consumer Product Safety Commission - Corporation for National and Communi ty Service - Environmental Protection Agency - Equal Employment Opportunity Com mission - Federal Election Commission - Federal Labor Relations Authority - Federal Maritime Commission - Federal Mediation and Conciliation Ser vice - Federal Reserve System - National Aeronautics and Space Admin istration Government of the United States3 - National Foundation of the Arts and the Humanities - National Labor Relations Board - National Railroad Passenger Corpora tion (Amtrak) - National Science Foundation - National Transportation Safety Board - Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation - Postal Rate Commission - Securities and Exchange Commission - Small Business Administration - U.S. Agency for International Devel opment - U.S. Commission on Civil Rights - U.S. International Trade Commission - U.S. Postal Service Independent Establishments and Government Corporations 7 independent establishment – отдельное ведомство government corporation – государственное акционерное общество board – совет, управление foundation – фонд THE US CONSTITUTION Department of Agriculture Department of Commerce Department of Defense Department of Education Department of Energy Department of Health and Department of Homeland Department of Housing and Department of Justice Department of Labor Department of the Interior Department of Treasury Department of Veterans Legislative Branch: the Congress Senate House Judicial Branch the Supreme Court - U.S. Court of Appeals - U.S. District Courts - U.S. Claims Court - U.S. Court of International Trade - U.S. Tax Court - Territorial Courts - Administrative Ofice of the U.S. Courts - Federal Judicial Courts - U.S. Sentencing Commission - Broadcasting Board of Governors - Central Intelligence Agency - Consumer Product Safety Commission - Corporation for National and Communi ty Service - Environmental Protection Agency - Equal Employment Opportunity Com mission - Federal Election Commission - Federal Labor Relations Authority - Federal Maritime Commission - Federal Mediation and Conciliation Ser vice - Federal Reserve System - National Aeronautics and Space Admin istration Government of the United States3 - National Foundation of the Arts and the Humanities - National Labor Relations Board - National Railroad Passenger Corpora tion (Amtrak) - National Science Foundation - National Transportation Safety Board - Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation - Postal Rate Commission - Securities and Exchange Commission - Small Business Administration - U.S. Agency for International Devel opment - U.S. Commission on Civil Rights - U.S. International Trade Commission - U.S. Postal Service Independent Establishments and Government Corporations Judicial Branch: the Supreme Court U.S. Court of Appeals U.S. District Courts U.S. Claims Court U.S. Court of International Trade U.S. Tax Court Territorial Courts Administrative Ofice of the U.S. Courts Federal Judicial Courts U.S. Sentencing Commission - Broadcasting Board of Governors - Central Intelligence Agency - Consumer Product Safety Commission - Corporation for National and Communi ty Service - Environmental Protection Agency - Equal Employment Opportunity Com mission - Federal Election Commission - Federal Labor Relations Authority - Federal Maritime Commission - Federal Mediation and Conciliation Ser vice - Federal Reserve System - National Aeronautics and Space Admin istration - National Foundation of the Arts and the Humanities - National Labor Relations Board - National Railroad Passenger Corpora tion (Amtrak) - National Science Foundation - National Transportation Safety Board - Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation - Postal Rate Commission - Securities and Exchange Commission - Small Business Administration - U.S. Agency for International Devel opment - U.S. Commission on Civil Rights - U.S. International Trade Commission - U.S. Postal Service Independent Establishments and Government Corporations
The Constitution established a federal government of checks and balances. Congress may pass statutes; the President may veto them; and Congress may override the veto. The President nominates cabinet officers, administrative heads, and Supreme Court justices, but the Senate must confirm his nominees. Finally, the Supreme Court and lower federal courts exercise judicial review over statutes and executive actions. US Federal Government of Checks and Balances4
Overview of Sources of Law in the UK5 primary legislation – первичное законодательство (законодательные акты, принимаемые непосредственно парламен том в форме статутов; в отличие от законодательных актов, принимаемых другими органами, которым парла мент делегирует право принимать нормативные акты) secondary legislation – вторичное законодательство (законодательные акты, принимаемые не парламентом, а орга нами законодательной власти меньшего значения, или органами исполнительной власти, которым парламент делегирует право принимать нормативные акты) 5. European Union Law: When the UK was a part of the EU the European institutions served as an important source of laws for the UK in certain, de fined areas 1. Primary Legislation: Also known as statute, primary legislation is enacted by Parliament 2. Secondary Legislation: Also known as delegated leg islation; this is made by a body other than Parliament, but under Parliament’s au thority. It normally takes three forms: Bylaws, Statu tory Instruments and Orders in Council 3. Case Law: Also commonly known as ‘judge-made’ law, as it comes from decisions made by the courts. Where case law and legislation conflict, legisla tion will take primacy 4. Custom: A source of law that is now of little modern significance
Legislative Process in the UK6 Introduction: Most new legislation is introduced by the government as a re sult of policy decisions. However, legislation can be introduced by a Member of Parliament (MP) or peer (a member of the House of Lords). This flowchart concentrates on legislation introduced by the government but a similar process will be followed for legislation introduced by others. Consultation stages: Consultations provide their comments on legislative proposals. While the following stages are commonly employed, and provide an opportunity to influence future legislation, they are optional: (i) Green Paper: a consultation paper may be issued; interested parties are consulted. As a result: (ii) White Paper: sets out proposals for change. Draft Bill prepared: undertaken by specialist lawyers. Passage of a Bill: The following stages are a requirement if a Bill is to become law: (i) First Reading: comprises a formal introduction. Long title of Bill will be read out but no opportunity for debate is provided. Completion of this stage allows a Bill to be printed. (ii) Second Reading: MPs discuss the main principles of a Bill. MPs may vote at the end of this stage, particularly if a Bill is controversial. (iii) Committee stage: Bill is considered by a committee of MPs. Amendments may be proposed and voted on. (iv) Report stage: Bill, with amendments or changes, is 'reported' to the House. All MPs can review the amended Bill. (v) Third reading: MPs debate and vote on the Bill in its final form. Transfer to the House of Lords approved - it is then sent to the House of Lords, where it goes through the same stages. If the Lords make changes to a Bill, it returns to the Commons for MPs to consider any amendments. Both the Commons and Lords must agree on the final Bill before it can become law. If the Bill is a Finance Bill, the legislation can be passed after a year even if the House of Lords is opposed to it. Royal Assent: Once approval has been obtained from both the Commons and Lords, the Bill will require the approval of the monarch provides approval on the advice of ministers. Once assent has been provided, the Bill then becomes law (on a specified date) and is described as an Act of Parliament. optional – используемый по выбору, дискреционный Green Paper – Зеленая книга (официальный документ, содержащий ситуацию по оп ределенному вопросу; представляется парламенту для обсуждения; называется по цвету обложки) White Paper – Белая книга (официальный документ по какому-л. вопросу; обычно разъясняет планы перед введением нового закона) Reading – чтение в парламенте (стадия прохождения законопроекта в каждой из палат) 10 Legislative Process in the UK6 Introduction: Most new legislation is introduced by the government as a re sult of policy decisions. However, legislation can be introduced by a Member of Parliament (MP) or peer (a member of the House of Lords). This flowchart concentrates on legislation introduced by the government but a similar process will be followed for legislation introduced by others. Consultations allow the opportunity for interested parties to provide their comments on legislative proposals. While the following stages are commonly employed, and provide an opportunity to influence future legislation, they (i) Green Paper: a consultation paper may be issued; interested parties are consulted. sets out proposals for change. Draft Bill prepared: undertaken by specialist lawyers. : The following stages are a requirement if a Bill is to become law: (i) First Reading: comprises a formal introduction. Long title of Bill will be read out but no opportunity for debate is provided. Completion of this stage allows a Bill to be (ii) Second Reading: MPs discuss the main principles of a Bill. MPs may vote at the end of this stage, particularly if a Bill is controversial. (iii) Committee stage: Bill is considered by a committee of MPs. Amendments may be (iv) Report stage: Bill, with amendments or changes, is 'reported' to the House. All MPs can review the amended Bill. (v) Third reading: MPs debate and vote on the Bill in its final form. Transfer to the House of Lords: If a Bill begins in the House of Commons it is then sent to the House of Lords, where it goes through the same stages. If the Lords make changes to a Bill, it returns to the Commons for MPs to consider any amendments. Both the Commons and Lords must agree on the final Bill before it can become law. If the Bill is a Finance Bill, the legislation can be passed after a year even if the House of Lords is opposed to it. : Once approval has been obtained from both the Commons and Lords, the Bill will require the approval of the monarch - called ‘Royal Assent'. The monarch provides approval on the advice of ministers. Once assent has been provided, the Bill then becomes law (on a specified date) and is described as an Act of Parliament. optional – используемый по выбору, дискреционный Green Paper – Зеленая книга (официальный документ, содержащий ситуацию по оп ределенному вопросу; представляется парламенту для обсуждения; называется по цвету обложки) White Paper – Белая книга (официальный документ по какому-л. вопросу; обычно разъясняет планы перед введением нового закона) Reading – чтение в парламенте (стадия прохождения законопроекта в каждой из палат) Legislative Process in the UK6 Introduction: Most new legislation is introduced by the government as a re sult of policy decisions. However, legislation can be introduced by a Member of Parliament (MP) or peer (a member of the House of Lords). This flowchart concentrates on legislation introduced by the government but a similar process will be followed for legislation introduced by others. allow the opportunity for interested parties to provide their comments on legislative proposals. While the following stages are commonly employed, and provide an opportunity to influence future legislation, they (i) Green Paper: a consultation paper may be issued; interested parties are consulted. : The following stages are a requirement if a Bill is to become law: (i) First Reading: comprises a formal introduction. Long title of Bill will be read out but no opportunity for debate is provided. Completion of this stage allows a Bill to be (ii) Second Reading: MPs discuss the main principles of a Bill. MPs may vote at the end (iii) Committee stage: Bill is considered by a committee of MPs. Amendments may be (iv) Report stage: Bill, with amendments or changes, is 'reported' to the House. All MPs : If a Bill begins in the House of Commons - and is it is then sent to the House of Lords, where it goes through the same stages. If the Lords make changes to a Bill, it returns to the Commons for MPs to consider any amendments. Both the Commons and Lords must agree on the final Bill before it can become law. If the Bill is a Finance Bill, the legislation can be passed after a year even if : Once approval has been obtained from both the Commons and Lords, called ‘Royal Assent'. The monarch provides approval on the advice of ministers. Once assent has been provided, the Bill then becomes law (on a specified date) and is described as an Act of Parliament. optional – используемый по выбору, дискреционный Green Paper – Зеленая книга (официальный документ, содержащий ситуацию по оп ределенному вопросу; представляется парламенту для обсуждения; называется по цвету обложки) White Paper – Белая книга (официальный документ по какому-л. вопросу; обычно разъясняет планы перед введением нового закона) Reading – чтение в парламенте (стадия прохождения законопроекта в каждой из палат)
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